TABLE 3.
Mixed‐Effects Models With Interactions Between Timepoint and Change in Loneliness (Difference Score) Predicting Change In Depression And Anxiety Symptoms From the Last Pre–Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Assessment to the COVID‐19 Survey
| Variable | Change in Depression Symptoms | Change in Anxiety Symptoms | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| coefficient ± SE | P | coefficient ± SE | P | |
| Timepoint | 1.437 ± 0.334 | <.001 | 1.838 ± 0.420 | <.001 |
| Loneliness difference scorea | −0.720 ± 0.452 | .002 | −0.308 ± 0.519 | .004 |
| Timepoint*loneliness difference score | 3.958 ± 0.405 | <.001 | 3.242 ± 0.511 | <.001 |
| Age | −0.011 ± 0.060 | .856 | 0.029 ± 0.065 | .661 |
| Race: Non‐White vs White | −1.513 ± 0.921 | .101 | −2.098 ± 1.030 | .042 |
| County COVID‐19 death rate | 0.814 ± 0.406 | .046 | 1.638 ± 0.449 | <.001 |
| Time from last pre–COVID‐19 assessment to COVID‐19 survey, mo | 0.026 ± 0.066 | .696 | −0.091 ± 0.074 | .219 |
| Group: Survivors vs controls | 1.022 ± 0.647 | .115 | −0.001 ± 0.722 | .999 |
a
The loneliness difference score was calculated by subtracting the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression (CES‐D) loneliness item at the last pre–COVID‐19 assessment from the CES‐D loneliness item at the COVID‐19 survey.