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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2021 Apr 2;22(9):1097–1110. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.146

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Effect of adverse life events (ALEs) on nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) magnitudes during conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Results suggest a significant interaction between ALEs and pain modulation evoked by the cold water conditioning stimulus (CS) in the CPM paradigm (p=0.003). People with 0 ALEs showed statistically significant inhibition of NFR (p=0.001) when exposed to the CS phase of CPM, whereas people with 5 or more ALEs showed statistically significant facilitation of NFR (p=0.031) when exposed to the CS phase of CPM. People with 3 ALEs showed no statistically significant changes in NFR magnitude in response to the CS phase of CPM.