Table 4.
Representative theranostic activatable photosensitizers as conjugates and nanoparticles for simultaneous imaging and Photodynamic Therapy.
| Activating factor | PS and Nanoformulation | Targeting moiety | Imaging technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low pH | aza-BODIPY (NEt2Br2BDP) Cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate motif (cRGD)-functionalized nanomicelle | cRGD for αvβ3 integrin-rich tumor cells. | NIR | 213 |
| Chlorin e6 (CaCO3-mineralized NPs) | -- | US | 191 | |
| Methylene Blue (CaCO3 nanorods) | -- | US | 195 | |
| Pheophobide-a (FA-BSA-c-PheoA) | Folate | NIR | 214 | |
| Zn(II) phthalocyanine (Layered double hydroxide-PcS supramolecular nanohybrid) | -- | FLI | 215 | |
| Sinoporphyrin sodium (Manganese-doped calcium phosphate mineralized glucose oxidase nanoparticles) | -- | FLI and MRI | 65 | |
| Indocyanine green (Mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods) | -- | FLI and PAI | 216 | |
| Hyaluronidase | Indocyanine green (MnO2 modified hyaluronic acid NPs) | Hyaluronic acid for CD44 receptor binding | FL and PAI | 217 |
| Chlorin e6 (HA-ADH-Ce6 NPs) | Hyaluronic acid for CD44 receptor binding | NIR and PAI | 218 | |
| Reducing TME | Chlorin e6 (Ce6-heparin- alpha-tocopherol succinate) | -- | NIR | 219 |
| Chlorin e6 (Ce6- dextran conjugates nanoformulations) | -- | NIR | 220 | |
| Chlorin e6 (Ce6-fucoidan conjugates nanogels) | Fucoidan for P-selectin surface protein | NIR | 221 | |
| Chlorin e6 (α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and poly (ethylene glycol) -Ce6) | -- | NIR | 222 | |
| Low pH & reducing TME | Toludine blue (FeOOH modified NaLuF4:Yb,Er,Tm@NaLuF4) | -- | UCL | 95 |
| Chlorin e6 (CNT@MnO2-PEG@Ce6 carbon nano tubes) |
Folate terminated aminated poly (ethylene glycol) (FA-PEG-NH2) | MRI | 223 | |
| H2O2 | Pro-photosensitizer (MBPB) converted to active methylene blue (BSA-MBPB nanoformulations) | -- | NIR and PAI | 224 |
| Low pH and H2O2 | Chlorin e6 (Ce6/MnOx@HMSNs-PEG) | -- | MRI | 225 |
| Methylene blue (SiO2-MB@MnO2) | -- | MRI | 226 | |
| Reducing TME and matrix metalloproteinase | Chlorin e6 (PEGylated Ce6-MMP2 NPs) | Matrix metalloproteinase 2 | NIR | 227 |
| Biomolecules responsive | ||||
| Albumin | Zn(II) phthalocyanine (Self-assembled supramolecular nanovesicle) | __ | FLI | 228 |
| Nucleic acid | Zn(II) phthalocyanine (Mitoxantrone and Zn(II) phthalocyanine supramolecular nanoassembly) | __ | FLI | 229 |
| Biotin | Zn(II) phthalocyanine (Phthalocyanine - triethylene glycol self-assembled nanoformulations) |
Biotin moiety | FLI and PAI | 230 |
NIR: Near Infrared Imaging, MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; PAI: Photoacoustic Imaging; UCL: Upconversion Luminescence Imaging; US: Ultrasound Imaging; FLI: Fluorescence Imaging; NPs: Nanoparticles; TME: Tumor microenvironment