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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Rhythm. 2021 May 11;18(9):1557–1565. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.05.008

Figure 3. Branching and 3D location of LVA vein.

Figure 3.

a-d, LVA cannulated with an octapolar catheter, in left anterior oblique steep caudal (LAOc) projection (a,b). c, In right anterior oblique (RAO) projection, the LVA is foreshortened and basal, and contains atrial and ventricular signals (inset). d, Incorporating LVA to the 3D map, LVA wraps around the mitral valve in LAO (left) and posterior to the aorta in LAO cranial view (right). See Video 1 online. e-h, nonselective (e1, f1,g1, h1) vs selective LVA venograms. Selective LVA venograms show retroaortic branches and collaterals to septal branches of the AIV, both seen in LAOc (e2, f2, g2) and RAO projections (e3, g3).