TABLE 1.

Characteristics which differentiate Helicobacter strains from CTTs from other Helicobacter species^a

Taxon	Catalase production	Nitrate reduction	Alkaline phosphatase hydrolysis	Urease activity	Indoxyl acetate hydrolysis	Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity	Growth at 42°C	Growth with 1% glycine	Susceptibility		Periplasmic fibers	No. of flagella	Distribution of flagella	G+C content (mol%)
									Nalidixic acid (30-μg disc)	Cephalothin (30-μg disc)
Helicobacter from CTTs	+ (8/8)b	− (0/8)	− (0/8)	− (0/8)	− (0/8)	− (0/8)	+ (8/8)	+ (8/8)	R (8/8)	R (8/8)	+	6–12	Bipolar	ND
Helicobacter rodentium	+	+	−	−	−	−	+	+	R	R	−	2	Bipolar	ND
Helicobacter pullorum	+	+	−	−	−	ND	+	ND	R	S	−	1	Monopolar	34–35
Helicobacter sp. strain CLO-3	+	−	+	−	+	−	+	+	I	R	−			45
Helicobacter pylori	+	−	+	+	−	+	−	−	R	S	−	4–8	Bipolar	35–37
Helicobacter nemestrinae	+	−	+	+	−	ND	+	−	R	S	−	4–8	Bipolar	24
Helicobacter acinonyx	+	−	+	+	−	+	−	−	R	S	−	2–5	Bipolar	30
Helicobacter felis	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	−	R	S	+	14–20	Bipolar	42
Helicobacter fennelliae	+	−	+	−	+	−	−	+	S	S	−	2	Bipolar	35
Helicobacter trogontum	+	+	−	+	ND	+	+	ND	R	R	+	5–7	Bipolar	ND
Helicobacter muridarum	+	−	+	+	+	+	−	−	R	R	+	10–14	Bipolar	34
Helicobacter hepaticus	+	+	ND	+	+	ND	−	+	R	R	−	2	Bipolar	ND
Helicobacter canis	−	−	+	−	+	ND	+	ND	S	I	−	2	Bipolar	48
Helicobacter bilis	+	+	ND	+	−	ND	+	+	R	R	+	3–14	Bipolar	ND
“Flexispira rappini”	+	−	−	+	ND	+	+	−	R	R	+	10–20	Bipolar	34
Helicobacter cinaedi	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	+	S	I	−	1–2	Bipolar	37–38
Helicobacter pametensis	+	+	+	−	−	−	+	+	S	S	−	2	Bipolar	38
Helicobacter sp. strain Bird-C	+	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	S	R	−	2	Bipolar	30
Helicobacter sp. strain Bird-B	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	S	R	−	2	Bipolar	31
Helicobacter mustelae	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	S	R	−	4–8	Peritrichous	36

^aData were obtained from reference 32 and this study. Symbols and abbreviations: +, positive reaction; −, negative reaction; S, susceptible; R, resistant; I, intermediate; ND, not determined. 

^bNumbers in parentheses are number of strains with the indicated result/number of strains tested.