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. 2021 Aug 23;12:717952. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.717952

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Copyright © 2021 Nakahira, Mizuno, Yamashita, Tsuchikura, Takeuchi, Shiina and Kawakami.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cumulative mortality after RGNNV challenge in sevenband grouper immunized with chloroplast-derived RGNNV-VLPs. Fish were vaccinated with PBS as control, crudely purified protein extracts from mature leaves of wild-type (WT) or the transplastomic (RGNNV1) tobacco plants, or a commercial inactivated vaccine (Inactivated) by intraperitoneal injection (IN) or oral administration (OR). On day 21 after immunization, the fish were challenged by intramuscular injection with RGNNV at a dose of 10^3.3 TCID₅₀ per fish and observed for an additional 14 days.