TABLE 3.
Senomorphics on anti-aging therapy.
| Senomorphics | Targets | Preclinical and clinical research of OA and others |
|---|---|---|
| Rapamycin | mTOR | Inhibited articular cartilage destruction in OA rats Bao et al. (2020). |
| Trichostatin A | HDAC | Reduced cartilage matrix degradation in OA mice Cai et al. (2015). |
| Scutellariae | NF-κB; PI3K/AKT | Inhibited articular cartilage damage in OA mice Wang et al. (2019). |
| Vitexin | NF-κB | Delayed the progression of OA rats Xie et al. (2018). |
| Alleviated IL-1β-mediated inflammatory response in chondrocytes derived from OA patients Yang et al. (2019). | ||
| Ruxolitinib | JAK1/2 | Alleviated aging-related systemic inflammation in aged mice Xu et al. (2015). |
| Prevented age-related bone loss Farr et al. (2017). | ||
| Metformin | AMPK; mTOR | Attenuated pain and cartilage degeneration, and delayed cartilage senescence in OA mice Li et al (2020a); Li et al. (2020b); Feng et al. (2020). |
| Simvastatin | HMG-CoA; mTOR | Inhibited human articular chondrocyte senescence in vitro Yudoh and Karasawa (2010). |
| Inhibited articular cartilage degeneration and delayed OA progression in mice Tanaka et al. (2019). | ||
| Canakinumab | IL-1β | Decreased MMPs expression in human OA chondrocytes Cheleschi et al., 2015). |
| Reduced the overall hip or knee arthroplasty rate in patients with a history of OA at baseline Schieker et al. (2020). | ||
| Tocilizumab | IL-6 receptor | Reduced age-related inflammatory responses in premature aging mice Squarzoni et al. (2021). |
| Attenuated central sensitization and pain in OA rats Lin et al. (2017). | ||
| Failed in relieving pain in hand OA patient Richette et al. (2020). | ||
| Etanercept | TNF-α | Decreased some SASP expression in human OA chondrocytes in vitro Žigon-Branc et al. (2017). |
| Reduced serum levels of MMP-3 in hand OA patients Kroon et al. (2020). | ||
| Alleviated bone marrow lesions in hand OA patients, but failed in relieving synovitis and pain Kloppenburg et al. (2018). | ||
| Adalimmumab | TNF-α | Inhibited the degradation of cartilage matrix in OA rats Ma et al. (2015). |
| Reduced pain and joint swelling in knee OA patients Maksymowych et al. (2012); Wang (2018). | ||
| Failed in alleviating pain and bone marrow lesions in hand OA patients Chevalier et al. (2015); Aitken et al. (2018). |