Table 3.

Outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and relationship to liver tests and injury

	ALT (times ULN)						ALP (times ULN)
	Normal	1-3x	3-10x	10-20x	> 20x	p-value	Normal	1-2x	2-3x	> 3x	p-value
A. Admission ALT and ALP values
Mean LOS, days (SD)	14 (12)	13 (12)	13 (14)	16 (13)	–	0.634	13 (12)	15 (15)	16 (12)	7.3 (5)	0.203
Critical care needs
ICU admission, %	44	50	43	75	–	0.069	46	52	60	17	0.180
ICU LOS, days (SD)	12 (11)	13 (10)	14 (11)	16 (4)	–	0.776	13 (10)	12 (12)	14 (13)	7 (0)	0.903
Mech. ventilation, %	34	36	31	75	–	0.069	34	37	47	17	0.505
Vasopressors, %	29	32	22	75	–	0.004	30	31	4	3	0.829
ECMO, %	1	1	4	13	–	0.001	1	1	–	–	0.969
Outcomes
Death, %	20	18	11	38	–	0.196	18	22	33	17	0.090
Discharged to home, %	62	66	77	50	–		66	54	47	67
Discharged to SNF, %	17	14	11	13	–		14	22	20	17
Still hospitalized, %	1	1	1	-	–		1	2	–	–
B. Peak ALT and ALP values
Mean LOS, days (SD)	10 (10)	12 (12)	18 (13)	21 (14)	20 (13)	< 0.001	11 (10)	18 (14)	25 (17)	23 (16)	< 0.001
Critical care needs
ICU admission, %	31	42	65	84	88	< 0.001	38	63	82	77	< 0.001
ICU LOS, days (SD)	9 (9)	19 (11)	15 (10)	15 (10)	16 (12)	< 0.001	10 (9)	15 (12)	18 (10)	20 (13)	< 0.001
Mech. ventilation, %	2	29	54	73	79	< 0.001	25	53	79	70	< 0.001
Vasopressors, %	17	24	46	64	70	< 0.001	20	48	69	66	< 0.001
ECMO, %	0.5	0.1	2	7	9	< 0.001	1	2	5	4	< 0.001
Outcomes											< 0.001
Death, %	19	17	19	18	58	< 0.001	14	28	37	41
Discharged to home, %	66	69	60	55	28		73	50	30	30
Discharged to SNF, %	14	13	20	27	14		12	19	31	29
Still hospitalized, %	1	2	1	-	-		1	3	2	2

Abbreviations: ALP = alkaline phosphatase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, LOS = length of stay, SNF = skilled nursing facility, ULN = upper limit of normal