Table 2.
Summary on the Changes in Hormonal Circadian Rhythm after Intermittent Fasting in Humans
| Hormone | Study | Subjects (sex, age, n) | Type (duration) | Changes after intervention | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Mean level | Acrophase shift | ||||
| Insulin | Heilbronn et al. (2005) [43] | Healthy, nonobese (men, 8; women, 8) | ADF (22 days) | ↓ | ND |
| Harvie et al. (2011) [7] | Overweight or obese (women, 42) | 5:2 diet (6 months) | ↓ | ND | |
| Harvie et al. (2013) [44] | Overweight (women, 37) | 5:2 diet (4 monthsa) | ↓ | ND | |
| Cienfuegos et al. (2020) [45] | Obese (4 hours TRF: 16, 6 hours TRF: 19) | TRF (8 weeks) | ↓ | ND | |
|
| |||||
| Triiodothyronine | Stekovic et al. (2019) [63] | Healthy (4 weeks: 29, 6 months: 30) | ADF (4 weeks, 6 months) | ↓ | ND |
| Moro et al. (2016) [64] | Resistance-trained (men, 17) | TRF (8 weeks) | ↓ | ND | |
|
| |||||
| Cortisol | Jamshed et al. (2019) [83] | Overweight (men, 7; women, 4) | TRF (4 days) | ↑ | ND |
ADF, alternate-day fasting; ND, not determined; TRF, time-restricted feeding.
a
Weight-loss period for 3 months and weight-stabilizing period for 1 month.