Table 2.
List of measures used for the different domains of falls efficacy.
| Domain | Construct | Focus of self-efficacy |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-fall | Balance self-efficacy | On the individual’s perceived performance of activities without losing balance or falling |
| Instruments | ||
| FES-101, MFES-156, MFES-125, MFES-1357, MFES-1458, Five items in PAPMFR21: “Steadiness on their feet”, “Balance while walking”, “Ability to walking in their homes”, “Ability to walk outdoors”, “Ability to prevent falls”, GES-868, GES-1069, Three items in PCOF5: “I can reduce my risk of falling”, “There are things I can do to keep myself from falling”, “Falling is something I can control”, Three items in PAMF5: “Finding ways to reduce falls”, “Increasing their physical strength, “Getting steadier on their feet”, BSPT70, ABC-665, ABC-1566, ABC-1614, CONFBal67 | ||
| Domain | Construct | Focus of self-efficacy |
| Near-fall | Balance recovery self-efficacy | On the individual’s perceived ability to recover balance from different types of perturbations e.g. a slip or a trip or a loss of balance from volitional movements. |
| Instruments | ||
| No measure available. A scale of balance recovery confidence71 has been developed by the authors. The scale is currently evaluated for its psychometric properties. | ||
| Domain | Construct | Focus of self-efficacy |
| Fall-landing | Safe landing self-efficacy | On the individual’s perceived ability to fall on the floor or lower ground safely |
| Instruments | ||
| One item in Perceived Ability to Manage Risk of Falls or Actual Falls (PAMF)5: “Protecting themselves if they do fall” | ||
| Domain | Construct | Focus of self-efficacy |
| Completed fall | Post fall recovery self-efficacy | On the individual’s perceived ability to get up or get help after a fall |
| Instruments | ||
| One item in PAMF5: “Finding a way to get up if they fell”, one item in PAPMFR21: “Ability to find a way to get up if they fall” | ||
FES: Falls Efficacy Scale, MFES: Modified Falls Efficacy Scale, PAPMFR: Perceived Ability to Prevent and Manage Fall Risks, GES: Gait Efficacy Scale, PCOF: Perceived Control over Falling, PAMF: Perceived Ability to Manage Risk of Falls or Actual Falls, BSPT: Balance Self-Perceptions Test, ABC: Activities specific Balance Confidence Scale, CONFBal: CONFBal scale of balance confidence.