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. 2021 Sep 6;19:264. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00991-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Preparation and identification of dECM and characterization of exosomes. A Images of nucleus pulposus tissue decellularization and preparation of hydrogels. B DAPI and H&E staining demonstrated decellularization; Alcian blue staining confirmed the retention of glycosaminoglycan; Sirius red staining confirmed retention of collagen fibers. Scale bar = 20 μm. C Quantitative determination of DNA content and D collagen retention. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ****P < 0.0001, *P < 0.05. E Cell count in the fluorescence field (n = 3). F Exosome characterization of Alix, TSG101, and calnexin by Western blotting. G TEM analysis of exosomes. Scale bar = 0.1 μm. H NTA analysis of exosomes