Table 2.

Means, standard deviations, and correlations (N = 1266)

Variable	Psychological resilience	Resilience	Strength	Optimism	Emotion regulation	Cognitive reappraisal	Expressive suppression	Test anxiety
Total	58.89 ± 15.28	29.68 ± 8.56	20.14 ± 5.01	9.07 ± 2.70	64.56 ± 11.92	34.30 ± 6.82	30.26 ± 6.82	16.75 ± 7.62
Gender
Male	60.96 ± 17.58	30.99 ± 9.85	20.64 ± 5.71	9.33 ± 2.97	65.52 ± 13.93	33.97 ± 7.72	31.55 ± 7.63	15.77 ± 7.74
Female	57.77 ± 13.76	28.97 ± 7.68	19.86 ± 4.56	8.93 ± 2.53	64.03 ± 10.63	33.48 ± 6.28	29.55 ± 7.61	17.27 ± 7.51
T	3.33**	3.75**	2.49*	2.39*	1.97*	− 1.184	4.66**	− 3.36**
Grade
First year	59.87 ± 15.31	30.19 ± 8.61	20.45 ± 4.97	9.22 ± 2.69	64.42 ± 11.99	34.22 ± 6.88	30.20 ± 7.25	16.61 ± 7.61
Second-year	59.59 ± 16.70	30.36 ± 9.09	20.10 ± 5.47	9.13 ± 2.92	64.91 ± 12.54	34.26 ± 6.88	30.65 ± 7.17	16.74 ± 7.74
Third year	56.26 ± 13.83	28.10 ± 7.83	19.43 ± 4.69	8.73 ± 2.52	64.54 ± 11.45	34.35 ± 6.69	30.19 ± 6.61	17.02 ± 7.74
F	3.17*	3.80**	2.38*	1.18	0.26	0.14	0.81	0.17
Academic evaluation
Excellent	61.89 ± 13.41	31.22 ± 7.59	21.26 ± 4.48	9.40 ± 2.46	65.89 ± 11.08	35.28 ± 6.21	30.61 ± 6.81	15.49 ± 6.67
Moderate	60.22 ± 14.41	30.37 ± 8.14	20.56 ± 4.61	9.29 ± 2.67	64.76 ± 11.46	34.55 ± 6.57	30.21 ± 7.00	16.51 ± 7.61
Lower–moderate	56.40 ± 14.73	28.37 ± 8.23	19.27 ± 4.90	8.77 ± 2.58	63.46 ± 11.67	33.55 ± 6.96	29.91 ± 6.61	16.85 ± 7.94
Poor	52.92 ± 19.11	26.64 ± 10.62	18.00 ± 6.17	8.28 ± 3.15	62.92 ± 14.47	32.75 ± 8.01	30.17 ± 8.12	19.64 ± 8.22
F	17.93**	15.01**	21.73**	9.22**	3.37*	6.86**	0.51	12.48**
Single-child family
Yes	59.37 ± 16.45	29.94 ± 9.14	20.19 ± 5.35	9.24 ± 2.85	64.01 ± 12.75	33.49 ± 7.16	30.52 ± 7.41	17.12 ± 7.88
No	58.75 ± 14.92	29.61 ± 8.37	20.12 ± 4.90	9.02 ± 2.65	64.73 ± 11.65	34.54 ± 6.70	30.18 ± 6.93	16.63 ± 7.54
T	0.58	0.58	0.21	1.21	− 0.90	− 2.32*	0.72	0.95
Part-time jobs
Yes	60.71 ± 15.44	30.84 ± 8.72	20.52 ± 5.02	9.35 ± 2.75	66.00 ± 12.75	34.90 ± 6.97	31.10 ± 7.30	16.37 ± 7.97
No	58.24 ± 15.18	29.26 ± 8.46	20.00 ± 5.00	8.98 ± 2.68	64.04 ± 11.56	34.08 ± 6.76	29.95 ± 6.93	16.88 ± 7.49
T	2.54*	2.91**	1.62	2.18*	2.59*	1.88	2.56*	− 1.05
Members of the club
Yes	59.26 ± 14.79	29.86 ± 8.26	20.27 ± 4.88	9.12 ± 2.65	64.68 ± 11.59	34.46 ± 6.67	30.22 ± 6.94	16.86 ± 7.55
No	57.00 ± 17.53	28.74 ± 9.91	19.42 ± 5.60	8.84 ± 2.93	63.92 ± 13.49	33.47 ± 7.53	30.45 ± 7.59	16.17 ± 7.97
T	1.73	1.53	2.03*	1.34	0.83	1.90	− 0.43	1.18
Birthplace
City	59.32 ± 15.94	29.86 ± 8.84	20.17 ± 5.23	9.29 ± 2.82	64.74 ± 12.27	34.09 ± 6.78	30.66 ± 7.34	17.41 ± 7.87
Country	58.63 ± 14.87	29.57 ± 8.38	20.12 ± 4.87	8.94 ± 2.62	64.44 ± 11.70	34.43 ± 6.85	30.01 ± 6.85	16.33 ± 7.44
T	0.78	0.57	0.18	2.23*	0.44	− 0.87	1.58	2.46*

^*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01