Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the cohort study by level of famine exposure (N = 9368)
| Variables | Famine exposure in males N = 4366 |
χ2/F | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-exposed | Fetal exposed | Childhood-exposed | Adolescence/adult-exposed | |||
| N | 502 | 459 | 1760 | 1645 | ||
| Age (years) | 46.74 ± 1.07 | 50.28 ± 1.17 | 57.57 ± 2.83 | 69.97 ± 5.55 | 6738.564 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.06 ± 3.59 | 23.72 ± 4.06 | 23.17 ± 3.53 | 22.27 ± 3.59 | 32.989 | < 0.001 |
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 10 (1.99) | 20 (4.36) | 190 (10.8) | 347 (21.09) | 384.044 | < 0.001 |
| Less than elementary school | 400 (79.68) | 316 (68.85) | 1346 (76.48) | 1164 (70.76) | ||
| High school | 68 (13.55) | 100 (21.79) | 167 (9.49) | 32 (1.95) | ||
| Above vocational school | 24 (4.78) | 23 (5.01) | 57 (3.24) | 102 (6.2) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 26 (5.18) | 20 (4.36) | 118 (6.7) | 240 (14.59) | 92.428 | < 0.001 |
| Married | 476 (94.82) | 439 (95.64) | 1642 (93.3) | 1405 (85.41) | ||
| Living place | ||||||
| Rural | 317 (63.15) | 293 (63.83) | 1142 (64.89) | 1129 (68.63) | 8.829 | 0.032 |
| Urban | 185 (36.85) | 166 (36.17) | 618 (35.11) | 516 (31.37) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 133 (26.49) | 101 (22) | 393 (22.33) | 450 (27.36) | 66.125 | < 0.001 |
| Former smoke | 66 (13.15) | 48 (10.46) | 286 (16.25) | 347 (21.09) | ||
| Current smoke | 303 (60.36) | 310 (67.54) | 1081 (61.42) | 848 (51.55) | ||
| Alcohol habit | ||||||
| No | 168 (33.47) | 164 (35.73) | 723 (41.08) | 855 (51.98) | 85.718 | < 0.001 |
| Less than once a month | 69 (13.75) | 65 (14.16) | 200 (11.36) | 149 (9.06) | ||
| More than once a month | 265 (52.79) | 230 (50.11) | 837 (47.56) | 641 (38.97) | ||
| Eating habit | ||||||
| ≤ 2 meals per day | 69 (13.75) | 69 (15.03) | 209 (11.88) | 233 (14.16) | 14.199 | 0.027 |
| 3 meals per day | 428 (85.26) | 388 (84.53) | 1516 (86.14) | 1394 (84.74) | ||
| ≥ 4 meals per day | 5 (1) | 2 (0.44) | 35 (1.99) | 18 (1.09) | ||
| Social events | ||||||
| No | 195 (38.84) | 193 (42.05) | 894 (50.8) | 864 (52.52) | 39.989 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 307 (61.16) | 266 (57.95) | 866 (49.2) | 781 (47.48) | ||
| Experience of a traumatic event | ||||||
| No | 416 (82.87) | 394 (85.84) | 1529 (86.88) | 1461 (88.81) | 12.963 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 86 (17.13) | 65 (14.16) | 231 (13.13) | 184 (11.19) | ||
| Physical exercises habit | ||||||
| No physical exercise | 310 (61.75) | 279 (60.78) | 1087 (61.76) | 1038 (63.1) | 12.134 | 0.059 |
| Less than regular physical exercises | 96 (19.12) | 103 (22.44) | 348 (19.77) | 272 (16.53) | ||
| Regular physical exercises | 96 (19.12) | 77 (16.78) | 325 (18.47) | 335 (20.36) | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 390 (77.69) | 333 (72.55) | 1252 (71.14) | 1034 (62.86) | 53.108 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 112 (22.31) | 126 (27.45) | 508 (28.86) | 611 (37.14) | ||
| SUA levels | ||||||
| Normal | 474 (94.42) | 426 (92.81) | 1666 (94.66) | 1510 (91.79) | 12.438 | 0.006 |
| High | 28 (5.58) | 33 (7.19) | 94 (5.34) | 135 (8.21) | ||
| Variables | Famine exposure in females N = 5002 |
χ2/F | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-exposed | Fetal exposed | Childhood-exposed | Adolescence/adult-exposed | |||
| N | 810 | 635 | 1988 | 1569 | ||
| Age (years) | 46.76 ± 1.08 | 50.27 ± 1.17 | 57.56 ± 2.73 | 70.04 ± 5.87 | 8608.249 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.75 ± 3.82 | 24.74 ± 3.96 | 24.11 ± 4.04 | 23.27 ± 4.3 | 43.834 | < 0.001 |
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 137 (16.91) | 173 (27.24) | 896 (45.07) | 921 (58.7) | 618.607 | < 0.001 |
| Less than elementary school | 587 (72.47) | 348 (54.8) | 981 (49.35) | 610 (38.88) | ||
| High school | 57 (7.04) | 103 (16.22) | 87 (4.38) | 11 (0.7) | ||
| Above vocational school | 29 (3.58) | 11 (1.73) | 24 (1.21) | 27 (1.72) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 23 (2.84) | 35 (5.51) | 184 (9.26) | 501 (31.93) | 547.311 | < 0.001 |
| Married | 787 (97.16) | 600 (94.49) | 1804 (90.74) | 1068 (68.07) | ||
| Living place | ||||||
| Rural | 502 (61.98) | 410 (64.57) | 1257 (63.23) | 1013 (64.56) | 1.927 | 0.588 |
| Urban | 308 (38.02) | 225 (35.43) | 731 (36.77) | 556 (35.44) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 780 (96.3) | 598 (94.17) | 1838 (92.45) | 1382 (88.08) | 63.633 | < 0.001 |
| Former smoke | 3 (0.37) | 9 (1.42) | 33 (1.66) | 57 (3.63) | ||
| Current smoke | 27 (3.33) | 28 (4.41) | 117 (5.89) | 130 (8.29) | ||
| Alcohol habit | ||||||
| No | 709 (87.53) | 547 (86.14) | 1751 (88.08) | 1378 (87.83) | 20.027 | 0.003 |
| Less than once a month | 48 (5.93) | 44 (6.93) | 107 (5.38) | 55 (3.51) | ||
| More than once a month | 53 (6.54) | 44 (6.93) | 130 (6.54) | 136 (8.67) | ||
| Eating habit | ||||||
| ≤ 2 meals per day | 125 (15.43) | 80 (12.6) | 228 (11.47) | 228 (14.53) | 14.889 | 0.021 |
| 3 meals per day | 680 (83.95) | 547 (86.14) | 1730 (87.02) | 1318 (84) | ||
| ≥ 4 meals per day | 5 (0.62) | 8 (1.26) | 30 (1.51) | 23 (1.47) | ||
| Social events | ||||||
| No | 366 (45.19) | 271 (42.68) | 1003 (50.45) | 856 (54.56) | 34.308 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 444 (54.81) | 364 (57.32) | 985 (49.55) | 713 (45.44) | ||
| Experience of a traumatic event | ||||||
| No | 771 (95.19) | 589 (92.76) | 1839 (92.51) | 1455 (92.73) | 6.943 | 0.074 |
| Yes | 39 (4.81) | 46 (7.24) | 149 (7.49) | 114 (7.27) | ||
| Physical exercises habit | ||||||
| No physical exercise | 478 (59.01) | 365 (57.48) | 1194 (60.06) | 1020 (65.01) | 16.762 | 0.010 |
| Less than regular physical exercises | 164 (20.25) | 128 (20.16) | 391 (19.67) | 278 (17.72) | ||
| Regular physical exercises | 168 (20.74) | 142 (22.36) | 403 (20.27) | 271 (17.27) | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 650 (80.25) | 492 (77.48) | 1410 (70.93) | 831 (52.96) | 251.082 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 160 (19.75) | 143 (22.52) | 578 (29.07) | 738 (47.04) | ||
| SUA levels | ||||||
| Normal | 792 (97.78) | 615 (96.85) | 1904 (95.77) | 1457 (92.86) | 36.492 | < 0.001 |
| High | 18 (2.22) | 20 (3.15) | 84 (4.23) | 112 (7.14) | ||
BMI, body mass index; SUA, serum uric acid