Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19.
| Overall (N=2642) |
Normoglycemia (N=2253) |
Hypoglycemia (N=17) |
Hyperglycemia (N=233) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Count (%) | Count (%) | Count (%) | P-value† | Count (%) | P-value‡ |
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Age (median (Q1-Q3)) | 61 (50-68) | 60 (49-68) | 57 (53-73) | 0.68 | 64 (57-70) | 8.21×10−8 |
| Sex (female) | 1264 (50.50%) | 1135 (50.38%) | 8 (47.06%) | 0.79 | 121 (51.93%) | 0.65 |
| Smoking | 176 (7.03%) | 157 (6.97%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.63 | 19 (8.15%) | 0.50 |
| Drinking | 102 (4.08%) | 98 (4.35%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 4 (1.72%) | 0.06 |
| Oral medication for blood glucose control | 321 (12.15%) | 189 (8.39%) | 4 (23.53%) | 0.05 | 120 (51.50%) | 2.09×10−80 |
| Clinical characteristics at admission | Median (Q1-Q3) | Median (Q1-Q3) | Median (Q1-Q3) | P-value§ | Median (Q1-Q3) | P-value¶ |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.5 (36.3-36.8) | 36.5 (36.3-36.7) | 36.4 (36.1-36.7) | 0.21 | 36.5 (36.3-36.8) | 2.68×10−3 |
| Max temp min temp difference (°C) | 1.1 (0.9-1.5) | 1.1 (0.9-1.5) | 1.4 (0.8-1.7) | 0.39 | 1.3 (0.9-2) | 1.26×10−5 |
| Heart rate, median (IQR), (bpm) | 85 (78-96) | 85 (78-96) | 85 (80-98) | 0.60 | 88 (78.5-98) | 0.01 |
| Respiration rate, median (IQR), (times per min) | 20 (19-21) | 20 (19-21) | 21 (18-21) | 0.97 | 20 (19-22) | 9.30×10−3 |
| SBP, median (IQR), (mmHg) | 130 (120-140) | 129 (120-140) | 127 (116-133) | 0.39 | 132.5 (122-144.5) | 5.39×10−5 |
| DBP, median (IQR), (mmHg) | 80 (74-88) | 80 (74-88) | 82 (73-86) | 0.99 | 80 (74-88) | 0.41 |
| Blood O2 saturation (%) | 97 (93-98) | 97 (93-98) | 98 (93-99) | 0.86 | 95 (90-98) | 2.99×10−5 |
| Length of hospital stay (day) | 13 (8-19) | 13 (8-19) | 15 (10-20) | 0.71 | 17 (10-23) | 2.74×10−6 |
| Symptoms | Count (%) | Count (%) | Count (%) | P-value† | Count (%) | P-value‡ |
| Cough | 1764 (70.87%) | 1585 (70.73%) | 12 (70.59%) | 0.99 | 167 (72.29%) | 0.62 |
| Fever | 1825 (73.26%) | 1642 (73.27%) | 12 (70.59%) | 0.80 | 171 (73.39%) | 0.97 |
| Phlegm | 317 (12.87%) | 294 (13.24%) | 1 (5.88%) | 0.72 | 22 (9.73%) | 0.13 |
| Dyspnea | 1125 (45.36%) | 994 (44.51%) | 8 (47.06%) | 0.83 | 123 (53.48%) | 9.32×10−3 |
| Sore muscle | 744 (30.07%) | 667 (29.92%) | 3 (17.65%) | 0.42 | 74 (32.46%) | 0.43 |
| Fatigue | 1347 (54.27%) | 1208 (54.07%) | 4 (23.53%) | 0.01 | 135 (58.44%) | 0.20 |
| Diarrhea | 139 (5.64%) | 131 (5.90%) | 1 (5.88%) | 1.00 | 7 (3.11%) | 0.08 |
| Vomit | 66 (2.68%) | 58 (2.61%) | 1 (5.88%) | 0.37 | 7 (3.11%) | 0.66 |
| Loss of appetite | 227 (9.22%) | 207 (9.33%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.39 | 20 (8.85%) | 0.81 |
| Comorbidities | Count (%) | Count (%) | Count (%) | P-value† | Count (%) | P-value‡ |
| Hypertension | 818 (32.68%) | 696 (30.89%) | 8 (47.06%) | 0.15 | 114 (48.93%) | 2.25×10−8 |
| Diabetes | 374 (14.94%) | 224 (9.94%) | 6 (35.29%) | 5.58×10−4 | 144 (61.80%) | 6.17×10−100 |
| CHD | 177 (7.07%) | 151 (6.70%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.62 | 26 (11.16%) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes (no other comorbidity)* | 140 (5.59%) | 79 (3.51%) | 2 (11.76%) | 0.12 | 59 (25.32%) | 1.37×10−43 |
| Stroke | 39 (1.56%) | 31 (1.38%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 8 (3.43%) | 0.02 |
| Coronary stent | 36 (1.44%) | 29 (1.29%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 7 (3.00%) | 0.07 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 33 (1.32%) | 25 (1.11%) | 1 (5.88%) | 0.18 | 7 (3.00%) | 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 30 (1.20%) | 27 (1.20%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 3 (1.29%) | 0.76 |
| High uric acid | 30 (1.20%) | 29 (1.29%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 1 (0.43%) | 0.36 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 24 (0.96%) | 22 (0.98%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 2 (0.86%) | 1.00 |
| Heart failure | 11 (0.44%) | 8 (0.36%) | 1 (5.88%) | 0.07 | 2 (0.86%) | 0.24 |
| Lung cancer | 7 (0.28%) | 5 (0.22%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 2 (0.86%) | 0.13 |
| Pulmonary heart disease | 1 (0.04%) | 1 (0.04%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 | 0 (0.00%) | 1.00 |
| No complications | 1284 (51.30%) | 1241 (55.08%) | 5 (29.41%) | 0.03 | 38 (16.31%) | 1.78×10−29 |
| Severity of COVID-19 at admission | Count (%) | Count (%) | Count (%) | P-value† | Count (%) | P-value‡ |
| 0.68 | 1.11×10−9 | |||||
| Mild | 21 (0.91%) | 20 (0.96%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.47%) | ||
| Moderate | 1589 (68.64%) | 1465 (70.23%) | 12 (80.00%) | 112 (52.34%) | ||
| Severe | 673 (29.07%) | 582 (27.90%) | 3 (20.00%) | 88 (41.12%) | ||
| Critical | 32 (1.38%) | 19 (0.91%) | 0 (0.00%) | 13 (6.07%) | ||
| Outcome | Count (%) | Count (%) | Count (%) | P-value† | Count (%) | P-value‡ |
| Progression | 158 (6.31%) | 107 (4.75%) | 2 (11.76%) | 0.20 | 49 (21.03%) | 1.75×10−22 |
| Death | 64 (2.42%) | 34 (1.51%) | 1 (5.88%) | 0.32 | 25 (10.73%) | 1.42×10−17 |
P-value†: Hypoglycemic group compared to normoglycemic group (the reference) in chi2 test when n > 5 (Fisher's exact when n5).
P-value‡: Hyperglycemic group compared to normoglycemic group (the reference) in chi2 test when n > 5 (Fisher's exact when n5).
P-value§: Hypoglycemic group compared to normoglycemic group (the reference) in Two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test)
P-value¶: Hyperglycemic group compared to normoglycemic group (the reference) in Two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test)
Diabetes (no other comorbidity)*: COVID-19 patients with pre-existing diabetes but without any of the following common comorbidities: hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), any type of respiratory disease (i.e., pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis (TB)), or any type of cancer.