Table 2.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis on the baseline clinical characteristics, comorbidities and laboratory parameters.
| Variables | N | HR (95%CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline abnormalities | |||
| Temperature (>38.1oC) | 2402 | 5.62 (2.47,12.82) | 3.99×10−5 |
| Respiration rate (>20/min) | 2401 | 2.28 (0.80,6.48) | 0.12 |
| DBP (<80mmHg) | 2394 | 0.67 (0.36,1.23) | 0.19 |
| SBP (<120mmHg) | 2394 | 0.79 (0.40,1.57) | 0.50 |
| Blood O2 saturation (<94%) | 2405 | 0.95 (0.48,1.88) | 0.88 |
| Heart rate (>100bpm) | 2402 | 1.04 (0.51,2.14) | 0.91 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| CHD | 2405 | 3.21 (1.55,6.63) | 1.64×10−3 |
| COPD | 2405 | 4.24 (1.58,11.39) | 4.24×10−3 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2405 | 2.17 (0.73,6.43) | 0.16 |
| ARDS | 2405 | 0.51 (0.11,2.30) | 0.38 |
| Coronary stent | 2405 | 1.66 (0.5,5.48) | 0.41 |
| Hypertension | 2405 | 1.25 (0.68,2.30) | 0.48 |
| Cancer | 2405 | 0.59 (0.08,4.34) | 0.61 |
| Other lung disease | 2405 | 1.24 (0.47,3.30) | 0.66 |
| Diabetes | 2405 | 1.13 (0.57,2.25) | 0.74 |
| Respiratory failure | 2405 | 1.01 (0.37,2.78) | 0.98 |
| Laboratory parameters abnormalities† | |||
| Creatine kinase isoenzyme [0-24 IU/L] | 2202 | 7.18 (3.45,14.94) | 1.32×10−7 |
| LDH [120-250 IU/L] | 2208 | 6.01 (2.59,13.95) | 2.93×10−5 |
| Eosinophil count [0.02-0.52 *10∼9/L] | 2327 | 4.16 (2.05,8.47) | 8.21×10−5 |
| Myoglobin [0-80 ng/ml] | 1016 | 4.88 (2.10,11.36) | 2.32×10−4 |
| White blood count [3.5-9.5 *10∼9/L] | 2331 | 3.21 (1.72,5.98) | 2.34×10−4 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase [7-45 IU/L] | 2298 | 3.41 (1.74,6.69) | 3.42×10−4 |
| α-hbdh [72-182 IU/L] | 2208 | 4.53 (1.86,11.04) | 8.87×10−4 |
| Lymphocyte count [1.1-3.2 *10∼9/L] | 2330 | 3.63 (1.54,8.56) | 3.21×10−3 |
| BNP [0-100 pg/ml] | 1252 | 2.84 (1.38,5.85) | 4.44×10−3 |
| Urea nitrogen [3.6-9.5 mmol/l] | 2284 | 2.44 (1.28,4.65) | 6.59×10−3 |
| Platelet [125-350 *10∼9/L] | 2328 | 2.46 (1.26,4.8) | 8.13×10−3 |
| CRP [0-4 mg/L] | 2207 | 12.37 (1.63,94.09) | 0.02 |
| GGT [10-60 IU/L] | 2285 | 2.23 (1.14,4.33) | 0.02 |
| Alkaline phosphatase [45-125 IU/L] | 2284 | 2.32 (1.09,4.96) | 0.03 |
| Fasting plasma glucose [3.3-7.8 mmol/l] | 2286 | 2.10 (1.05,4.20) | 0.04 |
| DD [0-0.55 mg/L] | 1964 | 4.45 (1.01,19.59) | 0.05 |
| Albumin [34-54 g/L] | 2297 | 1.95 (0.94,4.04) | 0.07 |
| Alanine aminotransferase [9-50 IU/L] | 2294 | 1.76 (0.92,3.39) | 0.09 |
| Creatinine [57-111 umol/L] | 2277 | 1.54 (0.79,3.01) | 0.20 |
| Hemoglobin [115-150 g/L] | 2329 | 1.45 (0.74,2.82) | 0.28 |
| Creatine kinase [24-190 IU/L] | 2201 | 1.36 (0.67,2.78) | 0.40 |
| Uric acid [202-416 umol/L] | 2270 | 1.21 (0.63,2.34) | 0.57 |
| Total protein [65-85 g/L] | 2298 | 1.04 (0.49,2.19) | 0.92 |
The multivariate Cox regression analysis was adjusted for age, sex, and severity of COVID-19 at admission to hospital.
†To make Hazard Ratios (HR) comparable for all the risk factors, the continuous variables in the laboratory tests were converted into binary variables (i.e. abnormal or normal) using their normal ranges as the cut-offs. The values of cut-offs were retrieved from the reference ranges for medical tests used by Huoshenshan hospital (shown in the brackets).
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; CORD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; α-hbdh, α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; DD, D-dimer; IL6, interleukin 6.