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. 2021 Jul 11;25(5):2191–2239. doi: 10.1111/tgis.12792

TABLE 1.

Spatial statistics

Spatial statistics
Tools Study Region or country of study Variables used Specific topics and analysis
Demographic and socioeconomic Contamination Weather Mobility Health services COVID‐19 data Spatiotemporal analysis Correlations Risk maps Urban context Political measures in research Geographic specifications
Spatial regressions SLMs, SEMs Iyanda et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases × × ×
Sannigrahi et al. (2020) Europe × Confirmed cases
Maiti et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases ×
Mollalo, Vahedi, et al. (2020) USA × × × × Confirmed cases ×
Sun, Di, et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × × ×
Urban and Nakada (2021) Brazil × Confirmed cases × × São Paulo
Nian et al. (2020) China × × × × Chongqing × Economic repercussions
SAC Sun, Di, et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × ×
Zulkarnain and Ramadani (2020) Indonesia × Confirmed cases × × ×
GWR Wu et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Iyanda et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases × × ×
Karaye and Horney (2020) USA × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Maiti et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases ×
Murgante et al. (2020) China, Italy × × Confirmed cases × × Wuhan, Milan
Mansour et al. (2020) Oman × × Confirmed cases ×
Fan et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Shariati, Jahangiri‐rad, et al. (2020) Iran × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Liu, He, and Zhou (2020) China × × Confirmed cases ×
Liu, Wang, et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × Predictive modeling
Urban and Nakada (2021) Brazil × Confirmed cases × × São Paulo
Cheng et al. (2020) China × Confirmed cases Lockdown ×
Alkhaldy (2020) Saudi Arabia × × Confirmed cases ×
Liang, Wang, Sun, Liang, and Li (2020) China × × Confirmed cases × ×
He et al. (2020) China × × Confirmed cases ×
Li, Zhou, et al. (2020) China × Confirmed cases × × Wuhan
Bag, Ghosh, Biswas, and Chatterjee (2020) India × Confirmed cases × × Territorial planning
MGWR Iyanda et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases × × ×
Sannigrahi et al. (2020) Europe × Confirmed cases ×
Maiti et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases ×
Mollalo, Vahedi, et al. (2020) USA × × × × Confirmed cases ×
Fan et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Liu, He, et al. (2020) China × × Confirmed cases ×
Urban and Nakada (2021) Brazil × Confirmed cases × × São Paulo
GWPCA Das et al. (2021) India × × Confirmed cases Kolkata ×
Clifford Nomura et al. (2020) Japan × Confirmed cases × × Fukuoka × Urban planning
Hotspots and clustering Getis–Ord Gi Sugg et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases
Barboza et al. (2020) USA × Confirmed cases × × Los Angeles
Baum and Henry (2020) USA × Confirmed cases ×
Fang et al. (2020) China × × Xiamen Urban planning
Mollalo, Vahedi, Bhattarai, et al. (2020) USA × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Shariati, Jahangiri‐rad, et al. (2020) Iran × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Al‐Kindi et al. (2020) Oman × Polls and confirmed cases ×
Mollalo, Rivera, and Vahedi (2020) USA × Confirmed cases × ×
Maroko et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases × × New York, Chicago
Islam et al. (2021) South Asia × Confirmed cases × × ×
Shariati, Mesgari, et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases × ×
Rahman, Islam, et al. (2020) Bangladesh × Confirmed cases × × Regional geography
Bag et al. (2020) India × Confirmed cases × × Territorial planning
Kernel density Geng et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × × ×
Cos, Castillo, and Cantarer. (2020) Spain × × Confirmed cases × × × Territorial planning
Rex et al. (2020) Brazil × Confirmed cases × × ×
Nian et al. (2020) China × × × × Chongqing × Economic repercussions
Moran's I Harris (2020) UK × × Confirmed cases × × London
Wu et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Iyanda et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases × × ×
Murgante et al. (2020) China, Italy × × Confirmed cases × Wuhan, Milan
Baum and Henry (2020) USA × Confirmed cases ×
Mollalo, Vahedi, Bhattarai, et al. (2020) USA × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Huang and Brown (2021) Germany × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Kang, Choi, et al. (2020) China × × Confirmed cases ×
Santana Juárez et al. (2020) Mexico Confirmed cases ×
Sun, Di, et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × × ×
Xie et al. (2020) China × Confirmed cases × ×
Yao, Pan, et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Shariati, Jahangiri‐rad, et al. (2020) Iran × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Liu, He, et al. (2020) China × × Confirmed cases ×
Fan et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Kim and Castro (2020) South Korea × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Gomes et al. (2020) Brazil Confirmed cases × ×
Andrades‐Grassi et al. (2020) Europe and Maghreb × × × Confirmed cases ×
Liu, Fang, et al. (2020) China × × × Internet and confirmed cases × × ×
Al‐Kindi et al. (2020) Oman × Polls and confirmed cases ×
Maroko et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases × × New York, Chicago
Alcântara et al. (2020) Brazil × Confirmed cases ×
Shariati, Mesgari, et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases × ×
Bag et al. (2020) India × Confirmed cases × × Territorial planning
Nian et al. (2020) China × × × × Chongqing × Economic repercussions
Geary's C Alcântara et al. (2020) Brazil × Confirmed cases ×
GeoMEDD Curtis et al. (2020) USA × × × Confirmed cases × × Regional geography
SOMs Melin et al. (2020) World Confirmed cases × Regional geography
Scan statistics Andersen et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases × ×
Wang, Liu, Struthers, and Lian (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases × ×
K‐medoid Pászto and Vondráková (2020) Europe × × Confirmed cases ×
Not specified Pollán et al. (2020) Spain × Serological surveys
Gianquintieri et al. (2020) Italy × × Confirmed cases × Territorial planning
Sahraoui et al. (2020) Algeria × × Thermal camera sensors Annaba
Oster et al. (2020) USA × Confirmed cases × ×
Kanga et al. (2020) India × × × Jaipur Urban planning
Zhang and Schwartz (2020) USA × Confirmed cases ×
Ghosh and Mollah (2020) Bangladesh × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Adler at al. (2020) USA × Confirmed cases × × ×
Ash’aari et al. (2020) Malaysia × × Confirmed cases × ×
Hu, Yue, et al. (2020) USA × × Testing sites and confirmed cases ×
Interpolation and geostatistics IDW Prunet et al. (2020) France, Italy, Spain, Greece × Lock‐down Paris, Milan, Madrid, Athens ×
Saha et al. (2020) India × Lock‐down ×
Layati, Ouigmane, de Carvalho Alves, Murugesan, and El Ghachi (2020) Morocco × Confirmed cases ×
Bag et al. (2020) India × Confirmed cases × × Territorial planning
Voronoi Bherwani et al. (2020) India Confirmed cases ×
Spline Sui et al. (2020) China × × Polls × × Qingdao Urban planning, environmental repercussions
Gupta, Banerjee, and Das (2020) India × × Confirmed cases × Regional geography
Dickson, Espa, Giuliani, Santi, and Savadori (2020) Italy Confirmed cases Lock‐down ×
Kriging Yao, Pan, et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Ran et al. (2020) China × × Confirmed cases × ×
Yao, Zuo, et al. (2020) China × × Confirmed cases × × Land use, environmental repercussions
Wei et al. (2020) China × × Confirmed cases ×
Sarfo and Karuppannan (2020) Ghana Confirmed cases × ×
Huang and Brown (2021) Germany × × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Saha and Chouhan (2021) India × Lock‐down × ×
Jain and Sharma (2020) India × × × × Lock‐down × Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore ×
Ash'aari et al. (2020) Malaysia × × Confirmed cases × ×
Kerimray et al. (2020) Kazakhstan × × × Lock‐down × Almaty ×
Dehghan Shabani and Shahnazi (2020)
Other models Markov Krisztin et al. (2020) Asia × Confirmed cases × × Predictive modeling
Wu et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases ×
Geodetector Xie et al. (2020) China × × × Remote sensing and confirmed cases × ×
Zhang, Li, Yang, Zheng, and Chen (2020) China × Confirmed cases × ×
Hu, Qiu, et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × Wuhan × Urban planning
Gharakhanlou & Hooshangi, 2020 China × Confirmed cases ×
Spatial ABM Prudhomme et al. (2020) Iran × × Confirmed cases × Urmia × Urban planning
Tao et al. (2020) France × × Confirmed cases Dijon × Urban planning
2SFCA Sun, Di, et al. (2020) USA × × × Testing sites and confirmed cases Territorial planning
Birthday paradox Buscema et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × ×
TWC Paez, Lopez, Menezes, Cavalcanti, and Pitta (2020) Italy Confirmed cases ×
SUR Michalak et al. (2020) Spain × × Confirmed cases × ×
Spatiotemporal refined risk model Huang, Kwan, et al. (2020) Poland × Confirmed cases ×
Aspatial models Poisson Yip et al. (2020) China × Confirmed cases × × Hong Kong Land use
Harris (2020) China × × × × × Hong Kong × Urban planning
Andersen et al. (2020) UK × × Confirmed cases × × London
Desjardins, Hohl, and Delmelle (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases ×
Hohl et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × Territorial planning
Das et al. (2021) USA Confirmed cases × ×
Sugg et al. (2020) India × × Confirmed cases × Kolkata ×
Kim and Castro (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases ×
Gomes et al. (2020) South Korea × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Gayawan et al. (2020) Brazil Confirmed cases × ×
DiMaggio et al. (2020) Africa × × Confirmed cases × ×
Ballesteros et al. (2021) USA × Confirmed cases × × New York
Lieberman‐Cribbin, Tuminello, Flores, and Taioli (2020) Ecuador Confirmed cases × ×
Samuels‐Kalow et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases × New York
Andrades‐Grassi et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × Boston
Nguyen et al. (2020) Europe and Maghreb × × × Confirmed cases ×
Krisztin et al. (2020) USA × Confirmed cases × Urban planning
Saez et al. (2020) World × Confirmed cases ×
Dickson et al. (2020) Spain × × Confirmed cases × ×
Fortaleza et al. (2020) Italy Confirmed cases Lock‐down ×
Cox regression Hutter et al. (2020) Brazil × Confirmed cases × × Regional geography
Wu et al. (2020) Austria × × Confirmed cases Vienna
Pearson Mollalo, Vahedi, Bhattarai, et al. (2020) China × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Chatterjee et al. (2020) USA × × × Confirmed cases × ×
Bherwani et al. (2020) India × × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Tao et al. (2020) India Confirmed cases ×
Marquès et al. (2020) USA × × × Testing sites and confirmed cases Territorial planning
Tello‐Leal and Macías‐Hernández (2020) Spain × Confirmed cases
Mollalo, Rivera, et al. (2020) Mexico × Confirmed cases Lock‐down Victoria
Meraj et al. (2021) USA × Confirmed cases × ×
Li, Wang, et al. (2020) India × Confirmed cases × ×
Vergara‐Perucich et al. (2020) China × Confirmed cases × ×
Oxoli, Cedeno Jimenez, and brovelli (2020) Chile × Confirmed cases × × Santiago de Chile Urban planning
Hu, Qiu, et al. (2020) Italy × Remote sensing Lock‐down Regional geography, environmental repercussions
Sun, Di, et al. (2020) China × Confirmed cases ×
Spearman and Kendall Prunet et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × × ×
Pani et al. (2020) France, Italy, Spain, Greece × Lock‐down Paris, Milan, Madrid, Athens ×
Ran et al. (2020) Singapore × Confirmed cases × × Singapore
Urban and Nakada (2021) China × × Confirmed cases × × ×
Nakada and Urban (2020) Brazil × Confirmed cases × × × São Paulo
Husnayain et al. (2020) Brazil × × Confirmed cases × × São Paulo × Urban planning
Kuzmenko et al. (2020) South Korea × Confirmed cases × ×
Huang, Li, et al. (2020) Ukraine × × × Confirmed cases × ×
K‐means Gan et al. (2020) USA × × × Atlanta ×
Lai et al. (2020) China × Confirmed cases × × Shanghai
Abdallah et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases Lock‐down × ×
Thomas et al. (2020) Egypt × Confirmed cases
SIR models O’Sullivan et al. (2020) USA × × Confirmed cases ×
Geng et al. (2020) New Zealand × Confirmed cases Lock‐down × Regional geography
Iyanda et al. (2020) USA Confirmed cases × × ×