TABLE 4.

GPS and networks

Tools	Study	Region or country of study	Variables used								Specific topics and analysis
			Demographic and socioeconomic	Contamination	Weather	Mobility	Health services	COVID‐19 data	Info data mining	Source data	Spatiotemporal analysis	Correlations	Risk maps	Urban context	Political measures in research	Geographic specifications
Data mining	Yabe et al. (2020)	Japan				×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location	Agoop 20, NTT	×			Tokyo	×
	Pepe et al. (2020)	Italy				×			Mobile phone location	Cuebiq Inc.	×				×
	Arimura et al. (2020)	Japan	×			×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location	NTT DOCOMO	×			Sapporo
	Lai et al. (2020)	USA	×			×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location	PlaceIQ	Lockdown	×		×
	Gao, Rao, et al. (2020)	USA	×			×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location	SafeGraph	Lockdown				×
	Kang, Gao, et al. (2020)	USA	×			×			Mobile phone location	SafeGraph	×				×
	Roy and Kar (2020)	USA	×			×			Mobile phone location	SafeGraph	Lockdown			Los Angeles
	Huang, Li, et al. (2020)	USA	×			×			Mobile phone location	SafeGraph	×			Atlanta	×
	Ye et al. (2020)	China	×			×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location		×		×
	Hu, Qiu, et al. (2020)	China				×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location
	Gan et al. (2020)	China				×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location		×		×	Shanghai
	Abdallah et al. (2020)	Egypt				×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location
	Kapoor et al. (2020)	USA				×		Confirmed cases	Mobile phone location, internet	SafeGraph, Google	×				×
	Sarfo and Karuppannan (2020)	Ghana						Confirmed cases	GPS	GH COVID‐19 Tracker	×				×
	He et al. (2020)	China	×	×				Confirmed cases	GPS	LBS Tencent	×
	Guida and Carpentieri (2020)	Italy	×	×		×	×		GPS	OpenStreetMap, Agenzia Transporti Milanesi, GTFS				Milan	×	Urban planning
	Vannoni, McKee, Semezna, Bonell, and Stuckler (2020)	World				×			GPS	Citymapper	×			×	×
	Nian et al. (2020)	China	×			×			GPS	Taxi	×			Chongqing	×	Environmental repercussions
	Depellegrin et al. (2020)	Italy	×			×			GPS	Boats (Automatic Identification System, AIS)	Lockdown			Venice	×
	Pase et al. (2020)	USA	×			×			GPS	Citi Bike	×			New York	×	Urban planning
	Sui et al. (2020)	China		×		×		Polls	GPS	BUS public	×	×		Qingdao		Urban planning
	Sahraoui et al. (2020)	Algeria				×	×		GPS	Police and health departments vehicles				Annaba
	Mu et al. (2020)	China	×		×	×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu	×			×
	Cheng et al. (2020)	China				×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu	×				×
	Shi et al. (2020)	China				×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu			×			Territorial planning
	Xu et al. (2020)	China	×			×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu	×			×
	Shen (2020)	China				×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu	×
	Liu, Fang, et al. (2020)	China	×			×	×	Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu	×		×	×
	Tong et al. (2020)	China	×			×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu	×				×	Regional geography
	Niu, yue, Zhou, and Zhang (2020)	China	×			×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Baidu				×
	Pászto and Vondráková (2020)	Europe	×			×		Confirmed cases	Internet	Google	×					Mapping techniques
	Husnayain et al. (2020)	South Korea	×					Confirmed cases	Internet	Google	×
	Nguyen et al. (2020)	USA	×					Confirmed cases	Internet	Google Street View				×		Urban planning
	Coven and Gupta (2020)	USA	×			×			Social network	Facebook	×			New York	×
	Heo et al. (2020)	USA	×			×			Social network	Facebook	×			×	×	Territorial planning
	Kuchler et al. (2020)	USA, Italy	×					Confirmed cases	Social network	Facebook
	Yang et al. (2020)	World, USA	×	×		×		Confirmed cases	Social network	Geotagged Twitter	×				×
	Li, Li, et al. (2020)	USA	×			×		Confirmed cases	Social network	Geotagged Twitter	×		×
	Iranmanesh and Alpar Atun (2020)	Cyprus	×			×		Confirmed cases	Social network	Geotagged Twitter	×			Kyrenia
	Zhu et al. (2020)	China	×					Confirmed cases	Social network	Qingbo Big Data Agency	×				×
	Peng et al. (2020)	China	×					Confirmed cases	Social network	Weibo Data				Wuhan		Urban planning
Network	Valjarević et al. (2020)	World	×			×		Confirmed cases	Flights		×					Regional geography
	Sun, Wandelt, et al. (2020)	World				×			Flights		×
	Saeed et al. (2021)	Pakistan	×			×	×	Confirmed cases	Geotagging COVID‐19 cases		×			Punjab	×	Urban planning
	Taiwo (2020)	Nigeria	×			×	×	Testing sites and confirmed cases	Public services						×	Regional geography
	Desmet and Wacziarg (2020)	USA	×		×	×	×	Confirmed cases	Public transport		×		×		×	Regional geography
	Saladié et al. (2020)	Spain	×			×			Road network		Lockdown				×
	Wan (2020)	China				×		Confirmed cases	Road network		×			Beijing
	Shah and Patel (2020)	India	×			×	×	Confirmed cases	Road network		×			Surat	×	Urban planning
	Bessa and da Luz (2020)	Brazil	×					Confirmed cases	Road network		×					Regional geography
	Snyder and Parks (2020)	USA	×	×	×		×		Road network, flights				×			Multi‐criteria analysis
	Kanga et al. (2020)	India	×				×		Urban layout				×	Jaipur		Urban planning
	Silalahi et al. (2020)	Indonesia	×				×	Confirmed cases	Urban layout		×			Jakarta	×
	Alasadi et al. (2020)	Iraq	×			×	×		Urban layout		×			Basra		Urban planning
	Deponte et al. (2020)	Italy	×			×			Urban layout					Milan		Urban planning
	Zecca et al. (2020)	Scotland	×						Urban layout					Aberdeen	×	Urban planning
	Liu, Lin, et al. (2020)	China				×	×		Urban layout					Wuhan		Urban planning