TABLE 3.
Association of process‐based (N = 812) and outcome‐based (N = 316) pharmacist interventions with clinical outcome status (improved vs worsened)
| Parameters | Total | Improvement in clinical outcomes | Worsening in clinical outcomes | Predicting improvement in clinical outcomes, AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Process‐based pharmacist intervention | ||||
| Adjusting the dose of a prescribed drug (Ref) | 57 (7.01) | 25 (5.13) | 32 (9.84) | 1.00 |
| Substitution of a prescribed drug | 107 (13.17) | 82 (16.83) | 25 (7.69) | 4.03 (2.54‐5.87) |
| Adjusting the duration of a prescribed drug | 62 (7.63) | 34 (6.98) | 29 (8.92) | 1.42 (0.54‐1.96) |
| Adding a drug to the prescription | 51 (6.28) | 37 (7.59) | 14 (4.30) | 3.15 (1.87‐4.76) |
| Removing a drug from the prescription | 35 (4.31) | 9 (1.84) | 26 (8.00) | 0.43 (0.28‐1.38) |
| Advice the patient to use private toilet | 49 (6.03) | 32 (6.57) | 16 (4.92) | 2.44 (0.98‐4.55) |
| Advice the patient to use private tools and utilities | 21 (2.58) | 11 (2.25) | 10 (3.07) | 1.38 (0.74‐2.32) |
| Recommend proper disposal of waste | 37 (4.55) | 18 (3.69) | 19 (5.84) | 1.16 (0.68‐1.84) |
| Recommend proper washing of clothes | 33 (4.06) | 27 (5.54) | 6 (1.84) | 5.25 (0.56‐9.33) |
| Recommend one room staying | 45 (5.54) | 31 (6.36) | 14 (4.30) | 2.70 (0.65‐5.44) |
| Psychological support | 59 (7.26) | 35 (7.18) | 24 (7.38) | 1.87 (0.48‐5.28) |
| Patient education about medication use | 106 (13.05) | 54 (11.08) | 52 (16.00) | 1.15 (0.96‐4.33) |
| Advice the patient to eat health food | 74 (9.11) | 40 (8.21) | 34 (10.46) | 1.41 (0.85‐3.54) |
| Advice the patient to stop smoking | 76 (9.35) | 52 (10.78) | 24 (7.38) | 3.53 (1.98‐5.17) |
| Outcome‐based pharmacist interventions | ||||
| Cessation of drug therapy (Ref) | 93 (29.43) | 22 (27.84) | 71 (29.95) | 1.00 |
| Initiation of a new drug | 83 (26.26) | 41 (51.89) | 42 (17.72) | 3.11 (1.25‐4.55) |
| Adjusting the dose of a dispensed drug | 50 (15.82) | 7 (8.86) | 43 (18.14) | 0.49 (0.33‐1.91) |
| Recommending a laboratory test | 28 (8.86) | 3 (3.79) | 25 (10.54) | 0.37 (0.19‐1.18) |
| Referral to physician | 62 (19.62) | 6 (7.59) | 56 (23.62) | 0.30 (0.21‐1.47) |
Bold adjusted odds ratio indicates significant findings, parameters described as proportions [n (%)] unless stated otherwise.
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference.