TABLE 1.
List of phytochemicals isolated from edible fruits with antiviral properties
| Phytochemical | Viruses studied | Observation | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Naringenin | HBV | Infectivity of viruses in the host cell by targeting viral envelope by reverse transcriptases | Alam et al. (2017) |
| HCV | Reduction in lipid profile and liver enzyme aspartate transaminase with a decreased infectivity and spread of infection | Goncalves et al. (2017) | |
| DENV‐1,2,3 & 4 | Reduction in Huh‐7.5 DENV‐1 infected cells and CD14+ cells in human PBMCs | Frabasile et al. (2017) | |
| DENV‐2 | 50% of reduction in viral RNA infection | Zandi et al. (2011) | |
| ZIKV | Reduction in the number of infected hmd‐DCs by impairing the viral replication | Cataneo et al. (2019) | |
| HCV | Minimum binding energy with NS2 protease and target protein for antiviral activity were analysed by in silico method | Sajitha Lulu et al. (2016) | |
| CHIKV | Production of viral proteins was prevented in a host cell by which leads to killing 50% of infected cells | Ahmadi et al. (2016) | |
| NSV | 80% of viral replication was inhibited by blocking the infectivity | Paredes et al. (2003) | |
| HCV | 70% of inhibition in the secretion of HCV core and HCV RNA which leads to inhibition of apoB100‐dependent HCV secretion | Nahmias et al. (2008) | |
| HCV | Assembly of infectious HCV particles blocked by activating the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α and reduction in VLDL production | Goldwasser et al. (2011) | |
| Mangiferin | HSV‐1 | 56.8% of plaque reduction was observed with decreased viral replication | Zheng and Lu (1990) |
| HIV | The significant cytopathic effect in infected cells | Guha et al. (1996) | |
| Poliovirus | Increased virulence and replication of the virus in host cells was observed in different stages of poliovirus | Rechenchoski et al. (2018) | |
| HSV‐2 | Viral replication was significantly reduced with decreased plaque formation in HeLa cells | Zhu et al. (1993) | |
| HIV‐1IIIB & HIV‐1RF | The inhibitory activity is effective against peptidic protease inhibitor‐resistant strains in lower concentrations | Wang et al. (2011) | |
| Isomangiferin | HSV‐1 | 69.5% of plaque reduction with decreased viral replication | Zheng et al. (1990) |
| α‐Mangostin | HIV‐1 | Significant inhibitory activity with decreased viral replication | Chen et al. (1996) |
| DENV‐2 | Viral replication was reduced by more than 50% and increased gradually by post‐infection | Sugiyanto et al. (2019) | |
| DENV‐1,2,3 & 4 | The infection rate was reduced by 47%–55% by inhibiting the cytokine and chemokine transcription | Tarasuk et al. (2017) | |
| Geraniin | DENV‐2 | 100% inhibition of viral replication was noticed by preventing the viral attachment at early stages of infection | Abdul Ahmad et al. (2017) |
| EV71 | Addition of geraniin at 2 hr post EV71 infection on human rhabdomyosarcoma cells inhibited infectious virus yield and viral RNA replication | Yang, Zhang, et al. (2012) | |
| Geraniin significantly enhanced the survival rate of EV71 infected mice and decreased viral replication in muscle tissues | Yang, Zhang, et al. (2012) | ||
| DENV‐1,2 | The compound inhibited the replication of HSV‐2 with an IC50 and IC90 of 18.4 ± 2.0 and 37.6 ± 2.3 µM, respectively, and inhibited the replication of HSV‐1 with an IC50 of 35.0 ± 4.2 µM. | Yang et al. (2007) | |
| HIV‐1 | Significant inhibitory effect against the replication of HIV‐1 showed with IC50 and EC50 of 1.8 ± 0.5 µg/ml and 0.24 ± 0.10 µg/ml respectively in MAGI cells | Notka et al. (2003) | |
| The significant anti‐HIV activity was recorded in CD4+ lymphoid cells MT4 at even low concentrations | Notka et al. (2003) | ||
| Punicalagin | EV71 | Viral replication was inhibited with reduced cytopathic effect on rhabdomyosarcoma cells | Yang, Zhang, et al. (2012) |
| HSV‐1 | Viral infectivity and replication were reduced 8‐fold with no toxicity | Houston et al. (2017) | |
| HSV‐2 | 100% inhibition of viral infection was recorded in Hep‐2 cells of human epithelial tissue | Arunkumar and Rajarajan (2018) | |
| HBV | Punicalagin down regulated the level of cccDNA formation in HBV without inhibiting viral RNA transcription and DNA replication in the host cells. | Liu et al. (2016) | |
| IFV‐A | The compound significantly inhibiting the agglutination of chicken RBCs in the IFV‐A and prevents the proliferation of IFV‐A in both single and multiple cycle growth conditions in infected MDCK cells | Haidari et al. (2009) | |
| (2R, 4R)‐1,2,4‐trihydroxyheptadec‐16‐one | DENV‐1,2,3 & 4 | The survival rate of DENV infected mice was increased by stimulating the NF‐κB‐ mediated IFN responses with no cytotoxicity | Wu et al. (2019) |
| BanLec (Banana lectin) | HIV‐1 | Attachment of virus into the host cell was prevented in very low concentrations | Mazalovska and Kouokam (2018) |
| HIV | Mitogenicity and significant antiviral properties were observed | Swanson et al. (2015) | |
| Influenza A, B | Engineered BanLec exhibited antiviral activity at 10 μg/ml | Covés‐Datson et al. (2020) | |
| HIV | Penetration of viral particles and viral envelopes into the host cells was observed with less toxicity | Akkouh et al. (2015) | |
| HIV | Inhibition of viral entry into the host cell and spread of infection was reduced by binding to the glycosylated viral envelope | Swanson et al. (2010) | |
| Jacalin (Jackfruit lectin) | HIV‐1 | Inhibition of viral replication by binding to membrane molecules together with CD4 | Favero et al. (1993) |
| HSV‐2, VZV, hCMV | 50% of inhibition and viral replication was noticed with mitogenic action for NK lymphocyte | Wetprasit et al. (2000) | |
| Lectin like compounds (Japanese plum) | H1N1, H3N2 | Prevents the attachment of viral haemagglutination in host MDCK cells before viral adsorption | Yingsakmongkon et al. (2008) |
| Betacyanin (Fractions) | DEN‐V | 95% of viral replication and infection was inhibited with no cytotoxicity | Chang et al. (2020) |
| Marmelide | Coxsackievirus B3 | Loss of infectivity was observed with inactivating the viruses at 125 µg/ml for 1 hr at 37℃ | Badam et al. (2002) |