TABLE 2.

Clinical trials performed with mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes on COVID‐19 patients (www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Trial identification	Official title	Exosome source	Administration route	Dosage	Phase	Status	Enrolment and allocation (Estimated/Actual)
NCT04276987	A pilot clinical study on aerosol inhalation of the exosomes derived from allogenic adipose mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severe patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia	Allogenic adipose mesenchymal stem cells	Inhalation	2.0×${10}^8$ of nano particle/3ml For the first five days	1	Completed	24
NCT04491240	The protocol of evaluation of safety and efficiency of method of exosome inhalation in SARS‐CoV‐2 associated two‐sided pneumonia	MSC	Inhalation	Exo 1: Twice a day inhalation of 3ml solution containing 0.5‐2×10^10 nanoparticles of type 1 exosome for 10 days Exo 2: Twice a day inhalation of 3mL solution containing 0.5‐2×${10}^{10}$ nanoparticles of type 2 exosome for 10 days Placebo: Twice a day inhalation of 3mL solution free of nanoparticle	1 and 2	Completed	30, randomized
NCT04602442	Safety and efficiency of method of exosome inhalation in COVID‐19 associated pneumonia (COVID‐19EXO2)	MSC	Inhalation	Exo 1: Twice a day inhalation of 3ml solution containing 0.5‐2×10^10 nanoparticles of type 1 exosome for 10 days Exo 2: Twice a day inhalation of 3mL solution containing 0.5‐2×${10}^{10}$ nanoparticles of type 2 exosome for 10 days Placebo: Twice a day inhalation of 3mL solution free of nanoparticle	2	Enrolling by invitation	90, randomized
NCT04798716	Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for the treatment of COVID‐19 positive patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and/or novel coronavirus pneumonia	MSC	Intravenous	First cohort: Intervention of ardoxso for five days on an escalating dose 2×${10}^9$, 4×${10}^9$, 8×${10}^9$ mL, with a minimum of 24 h between doses recorded Second cohort: Intervention of ardoxso for five days on an escalating dose 8×${10}^9$, 4×${10}^9$, 8×${10}^9$mL, with a minimum of 24 h between doses recorded Third cohort: Intervention of ardoxso for five days on an escalating dose 8×${10}^9$, 8×${10}^9$, 8×${10}^9$ mL, with a minimum of 24 h between doses recorded Fourth cohort: Randomized control ratio 1:3 25% of patients will receive 3 doses of placebo over five days75% of patients will three doses of 8×${10}^9$ mL exosome over five days	1 and 2	Not yet recruiting	55, randomized