TABLE 1.
Summarised characteristics of included studies
| ID | Authors | Year | Country | Collection date | Lockdown period | Design | Participant group | Sample size, n | Sex, % female | % Married | Age, years mean/range | NOS | Sleep problem scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Zhang (Zhang, Yang et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | January 29–February 3, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | medical staff | 1,563 | 82.73 | 63.92 | 18–>60 | 5 | ISI |
| 5 | Huang (Huang & Zhao, 2020) | 2020 | China | February 3–10, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | volunteer population | 603 | 69 | 36.5 | 5 | PSQI | |
| 28 | Fu (Fu et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 18–28, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | Wuhan residents | 1,242 | 69.73 | 33.7 | >18 | 5 | AIS |
| 30 | Zhang (Zhang, Zhang et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 19–March 20, 2020 | no | longitudinal surveys | college students | 66 | 62.12 | 20.70 | 5 | PSQI | |
| 32 | Li (Zhou, Shi et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | April 25–May 9, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | workers with income losses | 398 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 18–>40 | 9 | ISI |
| 34 | Wang (Wang, Xie et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | January 30–February 7, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | medical workers | 123 | 90 | 30.08 | 33.75 | 6 | PSQI |
| 35 | Hu (Giardino et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | March 7–24, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | COVID−19 inpatients | 85 | 49.4 | 85.9 | 48.8 | 6 | ISI |
| 36 | Yang (Xiao et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | March 5–14, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 2,410 | 49.2 | 76.55 | 36.3 | 5 | PSQI |
| 45 | Gualano (Gualano et al., 2020) | 2020 | Italy | April 19 and May 3, 2020 | yes | cross‐sectional | general population | 1,515 | 65.6 | 61.1 | 42 | 5 | ISI |
| 57 | Pieh (Pieh et al., 2020) | 2020 | Austria | April 15–30, 2020 | yes | cross‐sectional | general population | 1,005 | 52.7 | 18–>65 | 6 | ISI | |
| 65 | Zhuo (Zhuo et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | March 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | medical staff | 26 | 46.15 | 41.92 | 5 | ISI | |
| 69 | Wang (Ren et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 2 and 3, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | medical staff | 1,045 | 85.8 | 7 | ISI | ||
| 70 | Shi (Shi et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 28–March 11, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 56,932 | 52.1 | 77.2 | 35.97 | 7 | ISI |
| 11 | Lai (Lai, Ma et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | January 29–February 3, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | healthcare workers | 1,257 | 76.7 | 66.7 | 18–>40 | 6 | ISI |
| 46 | Zhou (Zhou, Yang et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | March 24–3 April, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | healthcare workers | 1,931 | 95.4 | 63.4 | 35.08 | 5 | PSQI |
| 56 | Zhang (Zhang, Xu et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | January 25 and March 15 | no | retrospective cohort | Covid‐19 patients | 136 | 42.2 | 95.6 | 63 | 6 | PSQI |
| 554 | Wasim (Wasim et al., 2020) | 2020 | Pakistan | May 20–June 3, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | tertiary care hospital dealing with corona patients | 356 | 52.00 | 51.40 | 20–>50 | 6 | ISI |
| 537 | Sharma (Sharma et al., 2020) | 2020 | India | 0 | no | cross‐sectional | obstetrics staff | 184 | 58.70 | 54.35 | 20–>50 | 5 | ISI |
| 535 | Tiete (Tiete et al., 2020) | 2021 | Belgium | April 17–May 25, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | healthcare professionals | 647 | 78.40 | 80.50 | 20–>50 | 8 | ISI |
| 511 | Franceschini (Franceschini et al., 2020) | 2020 | Italy | March 10–May 4, 2020 | yes | cross‐sectional | general population | 6,439 | 73.10 | 65.10 | 33.90 | 6 | Medical Outcomes Study–Sleep Scale (MOS‐SS) |
| 447 | Bhat (Bhat et al., 2020) | 2020 | Kashmir | April 4–10, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 264 | 27.70 | <18–>60 | 8 | PSQI | |
| 420 | Liu (Liu et al., 2020) | 2021 | China | February 1–10, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 2,858 | 53.60 | 60.20 | <18–>50 | 6 | PSQI |
| 410 | Alamrawy (Alamrawy et al., 2021) | 2021 | Egypt | July 2–23, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | young adults of both genders aged between 14 and 24 years | 447 | 70.20 | 20.72 | 8 | ISI | |
| 397 | Akıncı (Akıncı & Başar, 2021) | 2021 | Turkey | April and May, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | patients hospitalised with COVID‐19 | 189 | 41 | 82.50 | 46.27 | 6 | PSQI |
| 394 | Barua (Barua et al., 2020) | 2021 | Bangladesh | April 1–May 30, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | healthcare professionals | 370 | 39.70 | 66.80 | 30.50 | 8 | SCI‐02 |
| 389 | Fidanci (Fidanci et al., 2020) | 2020 | Turkey | May 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | healthcare professionals | 153 | 67.30 | 33.40 | 5 | PSQI | |
| 376 | Gu (Peng et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 15–22, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | patients with COVID‐19 | 461 | 64.90 | 95.90 | 18–>50 | 5 | ISI |
| 348 | Almater (Almater et al., 2020) | 2020 | Saudi Arabia | March 28–April 4, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | ophthalmologists | 107 | 43.90 | 32.90 | 8 | ISI | |
| 12 | Khoury (Khoury et al., 2021) | 2021 | Canada | June 3 and July 31, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | pregnant individuals | 303 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 32.13 | 7 | ISI |
| 17 | Wang (Wang, Zhao et al., 2020) | 2021 | China | January 28–March 31, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 5,676 | 71.40 | 68.90 | 6 | ISI | |
| 25 | Zreik (Zreik et al., 2021) | 2021 | Israel | 20–30 April, 2020 | yes | cross‐sectional | general population | 264 | 100 | 100 | 33.97 | 5 | ISI |
| 47 | Xie (Xie et al., 2021) | 2020 | China | 0 | no | cross‐sectional | pregnant individuals | 689 | 100 | 100 | 29.03 | 6 | PSQI |
| 48 | Zhang (Zhang et al., 2021) | 2021 | China | January–February, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | pregnant individuals | 456 | 100 | 100 | 6 | PSQI | |
| 57 | Massicotte (Massicotte et al., 2021) | 2021 | Canada | April 28 and May 29, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | breast cancer patients | 36 | 100 | 66.7 | 53.6 | 5 | ISI |
| 67 | Chen (Chen, Wang et al., 2021) | 2021 | China | March 14–21, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | breast cancer patients | 834 | 100 | 86 | 5 | ISI | |
| 81 | Yadav (Yadav et al., 2021) | 2021 | India | June–August, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | COVID‐19 patients | 100 | 27 | 42.9 | 5 | ISI | |
| 92 | Bacaro (Bacaro et al., 2020) | 2020 | Italy | April 1– May 4, 2020 | yes | cross‐sectional | general population | 1,989 | 76.17 | 38.4 | 7 | ISI | |
| 106 | Zhou (Zhou, Shi et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 28–March 12, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population of pregnant and non‐pregnant women | 859 | 100 | 93.25 | 33.25 | 9 | ISI |
| 120 | Fazeli (Fazeli et al., 2020) | 2020 | Iran | May 2–August 26, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | adolescents | 1,512 | 43.6 | 15.51 | 9 | ISI | |
| 130 | Şahin (Şahin et al., 2020) | 2020 | Turkey | April 23 and May 23, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | healthcare workers | 939 | 66 | 65.7 | 18–>40 | 9 | ISI |
| 137 | Lai (Lai, Lee et al., 2020) | 2020 | UK | April 28–May 12, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | international university students | 124 | 63.7 | 9 | ISI | ||
| 138 | Wang (Wang, Chen et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 21–March 7, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | college students | 3,092 | 66.4 | 9 | SRSS | ||
| 159 | Wang (Wang, Zhu et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | March 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | COVID‐19 inpatients | 484 | 50.2 | 91.7 | 52.5 | 9 | ISI |
| 164 | Xia (Xia et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | April 20–30, 2020 | no | case‐ control | patients with Parkinson disease | 288 | 51.85 | 60.50 | 9 | PSQI | |
| 174 | Alnofaiey (Alnofaiey et al., 2020) | 2020 | Saudi Arabia | May–August, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | healthcare workers | 340 | 49.1 | 20–60 | 9 | PSQI | |
| 190 | Juanjuan (Juanjuan et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 16–19, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | patients with breast cancer | 658 | 100 | 88.9 | 9 | ISI | |
| 201 | Wang (Wang, Gong et al., 2020) | 2020 | China | February 4–18, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 6,437 | 56.13 | 38.99 | 9 | PSQI | |
| 277 | Parlapani (Parlapani et al., 2020) | 2020 | Greece | 0 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 103 | 61.17 | 69.85 | 9 | AIS | |
| 239 | Lin (Chang et al., 2020) | 2020 | Iran | February 15–30, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 1,078 | 58.3 | 26.24 | 9 | ISI | |
| 375 | Ahorsu (Ahorsu, Lin, & Pakpour, 2020) | 2020 | Iran | April 1–30, 2020 | no | cross‐sectional | general population | 413 | 38 | 87.9 | 57.72 | 9 | ISI |
Abbreviations: AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SCI‐02, Sleep Condition Indicator two‐item short‐form; SRSS, Self‐Rating Scale of Sleep.