Table A1.
Variable description
| Variable Name | Variable Description | N | Mean | Min | Max | SD | Cronbach’s α |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (student report) | A derived variable based on mean of 13 items, e.g., “I feel unhappy recently” | 1550 | 1.526 | 1 | 4 | 0.604 | 0.936 |
| Parental academic involvement (parent report) | A derived variable based on mean of 4 items, e.g., “I check my child’s homework” | 1550 | 3.292 | 1 | 5 | 0.876 | 0.769 |
| Parental academic involvement (student report) | A derived variable based on mean of 4 items, e.g., “my parents check my homework” | 1550 | 3.319 | 1 | 5 | 0.952 | 0.782 |
| Parent-child communication | |||||||
| (parent report) | A derived variable based on mean of 3 items, e.g., “since the COVID-19 outbreak, my child and I have more time to communicate with each other” | 1550 | 3.628 | 1 | 5 | 0.790 | 0.766 |
| Parent-child communication | |||||||
| (student report) | A derived variable based on mean of 3 items, e.g., “since the COVID-19 outbreak, my parents and I have more time to communicate with each other” | 1550 | 3.596 | 1 | 5 | 0.895 | 0.739 |
| Parent-teacher communication (parent report) | A dummy variable. “Since the COVID-19 outbreak, I frequently communicate with my child’s teacher(s)” | 1550 | 0.427 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Parent-teacher communication (student report) | A dummy variable. “Since the COVID-19 outbreak, my parents frequently communicate with my teacher(s)” | 1550 | 0.506 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Students’ positive attitude towards staying at home (student report) | A derived variable based on mean of 3 items, e.g., “when staying at home, I enjoyed my time” | 1550 | 3.740 | 1 | 5 | 0.828 | 0.721 |
| Worries brought by the COVID-19 | |||||||
| (student report) | A derived variable based on mean of 4 items, “during the COVID-19, I worry about the health of my family” | 1550 | 3.201 | 1 | 5 | 0.905 | 0.738 |
| Affective engagement | |||||||
| (student report) | A derived variable based on mean of 4 items, e.g., “in general, the online courses offered since the outbreak of COVID-19 are interesting” | 1514 | 3.703 | 1 | 5 | 0.918 | 0.846 |
| Time spent on online learning | |||||||
| (student report) | “Recently, how many hours per day, on average, do you spend on taking online courses?” | 1490 | 3.823 | 0 | 8.5 | 1.737 | |
| Exercising time | |||||||
| (student report) | “Recently, how many hours per day, on average, do you spend on exercising?” | 1503 | 0.767 | 0 | 2 | 0.425 | |
| Family economic burden | |||||||
| (student report) | A dummy variable indicating whether the online course related expense is a burden to parents | 1550 | 0.034 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Reduced income | |||||||
| (parent report) | A dummy variable indicating whether the COVID-19 resulted in a reduction in the expected income | 1550 | 0.517 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Female (vs. male) | |||||||
| (student report) | Students’ gender | 1550 | 0.487 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Grade level (student report) | Students’ grade level | ||||||
| Grade 7 | 1550 | 0.368 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Grade 8 | 1550 | 0.306 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Grade 9 [reference] | 1550 | 0.325 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Family annual income | |||||||
| (parent report) | Family annual income (in USD) | 1481 | 2.950 | 0.13 | 10.53 | 1.863 | |
| Father’s education | |||||||
| (student report) | A dummy variable indicating whether a student’s father received at least undergraduate education | 1514 | 0.787 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Mother’s education | |||||||
| (student report) | A dummy variable indicating whether a student’s mother received at least undergraduate education | 1525 | 0.761 | 0 | 1 |