TABLE 6.

Serum lipid, nucleotide, and xenobiotic metabolites significantly modulated by RB supplementation compared with control at 12 mo of age¹

Chemical class	Metabolic pathway	Metabolite	HMDB2	Fold-difference3	P 4	q Value5
Lipids	Medium-chain fatty acid	Heptanoate (7:0)**	HMDB00666	0.73↓	0.033	0.78
	Fatty acid, dicarboxylate	Glutarate (pentanedioate)	HMDB00661	2.00↑	0.031	0.78
		Undecanedioate**	HMDB00888	0.77↓	0.002	0.30
	Fatty acid metabolism (acyl choline)	Oleoylcholine	—	1.50↑	0.017	0.78
		Dihomo-linolenoyl-choline	—	1.64↑	0.010	0.78
	Endocannabinoid	N-oleoylserine	—	1.21↑	0.039	0.78
	Phosphatidylcholine (PC)	1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC	HMDB07969	1.30↑	0.046	0.78
		1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-GPC	HMDB07972	1.14↑	0.022	0.78
	Diacylglycerol	Linoleoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol [2]	HMDB07250	0.53↓	0.008	0.74
	Sphingolipid metabolism	N-behenoyl-sphingadienine	—	0.64↓	0.029	0.78
	Androgenic steroids	Epiandrosterone sulfate	—	0.55↓	0.027	0.78
		Androstenediol (3α, 17α) monosulfate (3)	—	0.59↓	0.037	0.78
	Secondary bile acid metabolism	Glycodeoxycholate sulfate	—	0.40↓	0.018	0.78
Nucleotides	Purine metabolism, adenine containing	Adenine**	HMDB00034	1.56↑	0.017	0.78
		N1-methyladenosine	HMDB03331	1.21↑	0.020	0.78
	Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing	Pseudouridine**	HMDB00767	1.18↑	0.024	0.78
		5-methyluridine (ribothymidine)**	HMDB00884	1.18↑	0.028	0.78
Xenobiotics	Xanthine metabolism	Caffeine	HMDB01847	1.85↑	0.032	0.78
		1-methylurate	HMDB03099	1.69↑	0.023	0.78
		Umbelliferone sulfate	—	0.00↓	0.015	0.78
		Eugenol sulfate	—	0.21↓	0.017	0.78

¹The table displays metabolites with statistically significant differences between RB and control groups.

**Indicates dual identification from RB food metabolome. Upward arrows indicate increased fold-difference in RB compared to control. Downward arrows indicate decreased fold-difference in RB compared to control. RB, rice bran.

²HMDB refers to the Human Metabolome Database. Access numbers are provided for each metabolite identified in the database.

³Fold-difference between study groups was calculated by dividing the scaled relative abundance in children randomly assigned to RB vs. control.

⁴Serum P values calculated by Welch's 2-sample t test.

⁵q-Value threshold accounts for multiple comparisons and false-discovery rate.