TABLE 7.

Stool amino acid, peptide, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolites significantly modulated by RB supplementation compared with control at 12 mo of age¹

Chemical class	Metabolic pathway	Metabolite	HMDB2	Fold- difference3	P 4	q Value5
Amino acids	Tyrosine metabolism	Dopamine 3-O-sulfate	HMDB06275	2.71↑	0.045	0.99
		Vanillic alcohol sulfate	—	1.93↑	0.038	0.99
	Tryptophan metabolism	Skatol	HMDB00466	0.65↓	0.007	0.63
	Methionine, cysteine, SAM, and taurine	Methionine sulfoxide**	HMDB02005	0.68↓	0.032	0.88
Peptides	Acetylated peptides	4-hydroxyphenylacetylglycine	—	2.48↑	0.013	0.67
Carbohydrates	Disaccharides and oligosaccharides	Sucrose**	HMDB00258	2.06↑	0.047	0.99
Lipids	Fatty acid, dicarboxylate	2-hydroxyadipate**	HMDB00321	2.18↑	0.013	0.67
		3-methyladipate**	HMDB00555	0.47↓	0.045	0.99
		Pimelate (heptanedioate)**	HMDB00857	1.80↑	0.030	0.87
	Fatty acid metabolism (acyl choline)	Palmitoylcholine	—	2.31↑	0.023	0.82
		Oleoylcholine	—	3.54↑	0.001	0.25
		Linoleoylcholine*	—	1.88↑	0.040	0.99
		Stearoylcholine*	—	1.48↑	0.013	0.67
	Lysophospholipid	1-oleoyl-GPC (18:1)**	HMDB02815	0.31↓	0.024	0.82
		1-linoleoyl-GPC (18:2)**	HMDB10386	0.41↓	0.047	0.99
		1-palmitoyl-GPE (16:0)**	HMDB11503	0.38↓	0.027	0.86
		1-linoleoyl-GPE (18:2)*,**	HMDB11507	0.49↓	0.003	0.43
	Glycolipid metabolism	1-linoleoyl-2-linolenoyl-digalactosylglycerol (18:2/18:3)*	—	0.52↓	0.005	0.61
	Diacylglycerol	Linolenoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (18:3/18:3) [1]*	HMDB07278	0.58↓	0.001	0.25
	Secondary bile acid metabolism	Deoxycholate	HMDB00626	0.31↓	0.022	0.82
		Glycodeoxycholate	HMDB00631	0.47↓	0.005	0.61
		Taurolithocholate	HMDB00722	0.52↓	0.000	0.006
		Glycoursodeoxycholate	HMDB00708	0.37↓	0.031	0.87
		Dehydrolithocholate	HMDB00502	0.25↓	0.025	0.82
		6-oxolithocholate	—	0.18↓	0.011	0.67

¹Metabolites with statistically significant differences between RB and control groups are shown. *Indicates compounds with level 2 annotation that have not been officially confirmed based on a standard but have relative confidence for identity. **Indicates dual identification from RB food metabolome. Upward arrows indicate increased fold-difference in RB compared to control. Downward arrows indicate decreased fold-difference in RB compared to control. RB, rice bran.

²HMDB refers to the Human Metabolome Database. Access numbers are provided for each metabolite identified in the database.

³Fold-difference between study groups was calculated by dividing the scaled relative abundance of RB vs. control.

⁴Stool P values calculated by ANOVA.

⁵q-Value threshold accounts for false-discovery rate.