Table 5.

Multiple linear regression results of the association between predictors and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in high-income countries (N = 47)

Variables	Model 2	(R2 = 0.3857)
	Parameter estimate (β)	P value
Population ages 65 years and abovea	0.0085	0.0249
Population densityb	0.0002	0.6866
Health expenditure of GDPc	0.0068	0.1313
NCD-caused deathsd	− 0.0024	0.8982
Healthcare workforcee	0.0023	0.2680
Hospital bedsf	− 0.0075	0.0056
Democracy Indexg	− 0.0019	0.0490

^aPercentage of the population ages 65 and above

^bPopulation per km² of the country’s surface area

^cHealth expenditure as a percentage of the gross domestic product

^dPercentage of deaths caused by non-communicable diseases of total deaths

^eTotal number of medical doctors, nurses, and midwives per 10,000 population

^fNumber of hospital beds per 1000 population

^gDemocracy Index score (0–10)

Parameter estimate (β), regression coefficient