Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Eligible Patients Stratified by END
| Variable | Total | Non-END | END | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n=210 | n=187 | n=23 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Sex (female) | 79 (37.6) | 72 (38.5) | 7 (30.4) | 0.451 |
| Age (years) | 67.98±12.1 | 67.34±12.7 | 70.61±9.6 | 0.528 |
| BMI | 24.71±3.3 | 24.28±3.6 | 25.60±3.8 | 0.132 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 142 (67.6) | 129 (69.0) | 13 (56.5) | 0.228 |
| DM | 45 (21.4) | 39 (20.9) | 6 (26.1) | 0.564 |
| CAD | 29 (13.8) | 26 (13.9) | 3 (13.0) | 0.910 |
| AF | 41 (19.5) | 32 (17.1) | 9 (39.1) | 0.012 |
| IS or TIA | 28 (13.3) | 22 (11.8) | 6 (26.1) | 0.057 |
| Stroke etiologya | ||||
| LAA | 72 (34.3) | 63 (33.7) | 9 (39.1) | 0.407 |
| Cardioembolism | 98 (46.7) | 86 (46.0) | 12 (52.2) | |
| Others | 40 (191.0) | 38 (20.3) | 2 (8.7) | |
| NIHSS on admission | 14 (5–22) | 13 (11–21.5) | 17 (6.5–29) | 0.074 |
| NIHSS after 24h | 11 (4–20) | 10 (3.5–19) | 30 (18–34) | <0.001 |
| 90-day mRS | 2 (0–4) | 1 (0–3) | 4 (2–5) | <0.001 |
| IVT | 88 (41.9) | 78 (41.7) | 10 (43.5) | 0.871 |
| Interval time, min, median (IQR) | ||||
| Onset to groin puncture | 106 (81.5–144) | 104 (82–136) | 111 (73–160.5) | 0.540 |
| Onset to reperfusion | 206.5 (131–272) | 195 (136–218) | 227 (128.5–302.5) | 0.585 |
| EVT to first blood samplingb | 815 (564–1045) | 772 (564–1000) | 847.5 (550.5–1087) | 0.425 |
| mTICI (2b-3) | 184 (87.6) | 165 (88.2) | 19 (82.6) | 0.439 |
| Passes of retriever (<3) | 142 (67.6) | 128 (68.4) | 14 (60.9) | 0.464 |
| Inflammatory factors on admission | ||||
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 2.52±1.2 | 2.55±1.1 | 2.64±1.4 | 0.526 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 3.12±1.7 | 2.89±1.7 | 3.39±1.6 | 0.681 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 13.54 (6.81–30.60) | 10.08 (6.62–25.68) | 28.04 (15.72–107.06) | 0.002 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 5.16 (4.02–7.26) | 5.05 (4.11–7.50) | 6.02 (3.96–26.45) | <0.001 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 2.18 (1.24–3.11) | 2.12 (1.31–2.85) | 2.30 (1.20–3.96) | 0.206 |
| INF-γ (pg/mL) | 2.42 (1.61–3.24) | 2.35 (1.75–3.18) | 2.23 (0.92–3.30) | 0.227 |
| Laboratory characteristics | ||||
| hs-CRP (μg/mL) | 4.93 (4.32–10.76) | 4.86 (4.20–9.08) | 5.12 (4.43–11.99) | 0.197 |
| HbA1c | 5.82 (5.46–6.50) | 5.81 (5.44–5.82) | 6.01 (5.51–6.66) | 0.442 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.83 (5.51–8.59) | 6.70 (5.46–8.52) | 6.95 (6.04–8.68) | 0.567 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 67.5 (56.4–90.8) | 66.9 (56.0–90.5) | 69.3 (56.8–95.4) | 0.386 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.82±1.1 | 2.80±1.0 | 2.35±0.8 | 0.259 |
Notes: ΔNIHSS 0–24h was defined as the delta NIHSS scale (delta NIHSS 0–24h) = NIHSS on admission – NIHSS after 24 hours. Continuous variables of abnormal distribution are expressed as medians (interquartile range), and normally distributed variables as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables are expressed as frequency and percentage. aAccording to the modified TOAST classification. bDefined as time between endovascular treatment and first blood sampling to be measured levels of inflammatory factors.
Abbreviations: END, early neurological deterioration; EVT, endovascular treatment; mRS, modified Rankin scale; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; INF, interferon; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary artery disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; IS, ischemic stroke; TIA, transient ischemic attack; IQR, interquartile range; mTICI, modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Score; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis.