. 2021 Aug 24;12:674682. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674682

TABLE 2.

Pharmacological properties of selected plants/natural compounds against STDs pathogens.

Pharmacological activities	Plant used/compounds	Model	Dose	Major findings	Refs.
Antibacterial effects
Anti-chlamydia	Catechin-rich green polyphenol tea extract	C. trachomatis-infected human cells/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 1.6 mg/ml	↓ C. trachomatis proliferation	Yamazaki et al. (2003)
	Scutellaria radix/baicalein	Hep-2 cells infected by C. trachomatis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.12, 0.24, 0.48 g/ml	↑ RFX5	Hao et al. (2009)
	Scutellaria radix/baicalein	Hep-2 cells infected by C. trachomatis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.12, 0.24, 0.48 g/ml	↓CPAF	Hao et al. (2009)
	Ocimum sanctum L., Drynaria quercifolia L	N. gonorrhoeae/disk diffusion method/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 1,000 μg/L	↓ N. gonorrhoeae	Shokeen et al. (2005)
	Annona squamosa L./chloroform extract	N. gonorrhoeae/disk diffusion method/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 1,000 μg/L	↓ N. gonorrhoeae	Shokeen et al. (2005)
*Antifungal effects*
Anti-candida	18 plants/bark, stems, roots dichloromethane:methanol extracts and aqueous extracts	C. albicans/in vitro	Bolusanthus speciosus	Antifungal effect	Van Vuuren and Naidoo (2010)
			IC₅₀ = 0.015–0.193 mg/ml
			Pterocarpus angolensis DC., Pappea capensis eckl. & zeyh
			IC₅₀ = 0.195 mg/ml
			Ximenia caffra sond
			IC₅₀ = 0.78 mg/ml
			Osyris lanceolata hochst. & steud
			IC₅₀ = 0.098 mg/ml
			B. speciosus
			IC₅₀ = 0.012 mg/ml
	Sapindus mukorossi gaertn	C. albicans	IC₅₀ = 15 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Talwar et al. (2000)
	Mentha piperita L	C. tropicalis, C. krusei/in vitro
	Azadirachta indica a
	13 plant species/aqueous, ethanolic, ethyl acetate extracts	C. albicans/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 100 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Buwa and van Staden (2006)
	Aloe ferox mill	C. albicans/agar diffusion, microdilution	IC₅₀ = 20 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Kambizi and Afolayan (2008)
	Jatropha multifida L. stem and bark/hexane, methanolic, ethyl acetate extracts	Methods/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 20 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Kambizi and Afolayan (2008)
	19 plant species/organic dichloromethane: Methanol extract, aqueous extracts	C. albicans/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.38–16 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Jadhav et al. (2015)
	Acacia karroo Hayne/roots, Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) wild & R.B.Drumm/roots	C. albicans/broth microdilution method/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.8 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Mamba et al. (2016)
	Cassine crocea (thunb) C.Presl/bark, Hilliardiella nudicaulis (DC.)		IC₅₀ = 1.6 mg/ml
	H.Rob./whole plant
	P. capensis	C. albicans/broth microdilution method/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.39 mg/ml - 6.25 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Pendota et al. (2017)
	Grewia flava DC., Jatropha zeyheri Sond./roots, Cassia abbrevia Oliv./leaves	C. albicans/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.20 mg/ml	Antifungal effect	Mongalo et al. (2017)
*Anti- parasites effects*
Anti- trichomonas	Manilkara rufula (miq.) H.J.Lam/leaves	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 1.0 mg/ml	Anti-Trichomonas activity	de brum Vieira et al. (2017)
	Manilkara rufula (miq.) H.J.Lam/leaves	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 1.0 mg/ml	↓trophozoites viability	de brum Vieira et al. (2017)
	Nectandra megapotamica (spreng.)/bark, leaves/essential oil	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 98.7 μg/ml	Anti-Trichomonas activity	Farias et al. (2019)
		T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 98.7 μg/ml	↓trophozoites viability	Farias et al. (2019)
	Pistacia lentiscus L.mastic, Ocimum basilicum L./oil	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 15 mg/ml	100% trophozoites growth inhibition damage to the trophozoite membrane system	Ezz eldin and Badawy (2015)
			IC₅₀ = 30 μg/ml	↑abnormal cytoplasm vacuolization
				↑cytoplasm destruction
	Rheum ribes L./flower essential oil/aqueous extract from leaves, flower, stem	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.5 mg/ml	Anti-Trichomonas activity	Naemi et al. (2014)
	Cassine xylocarpa vent. Leaves, bark, and roots	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.46 μg/ml	Anti-Trichomonas activity	Roca-Mézquita et al. (2016)
	Verbena sp., C. xanthocarpa/aqueous extracts	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 4.0 mg/ml	100% effect against the parasite	Brandelli et al. (2013)
	Verbena sp., C. xanthocarpa/aqueous extracts	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 4.0 mg/ml	Complete growth inhibition	Brandelli et al. (2013)

	Hypericum polyanthemum klotzsch ex reichardt/aqueous extracts	T. vaginalis 30,236 (ATCC)/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 250 μg/ml	Anti-Trichomonas activity	Cargnin et al. (2013)
		T. vaginalis 30,236 (ATCC)/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 250 μg/ml	Killing 47% of trophozoites	Cargnin et al. (2013)
	Morinda panamensis seem roots/anthraquinone	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 1.03 μg/ml	Satisfactory activity against T. vaginalis	Cáceres-Castillo et al. (2019)
	Sapindus/saponins	T. vaginalis/in vitro	Concentration 0,0005%	↓ viability ↓Trichomonas trophozoite numbers	Tiwari et al. (2008)
	Verbascum thapsus L	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 800 μg/ml	↑apoptosis in trophozoites	Fakhrieh-Kashan et al. (2018)
	Zingiber officinale roscoe	T. vaginalis/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 800 μg/ml	↑apoptosis in trophozoites	Fakhrieh-Kashan et al. (2018)
*Antiviral effect*
anti-HIV-1 activity	Myrothamnus flabellifolia welw./3,4,5-tri-O-galloylquinic acid	M-MLV RT/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 82 μM	↓HIV-1	Kamng’ona et al. (2011)
		M-MLV RT/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 82 μM	↓RT	Kamng’ona et al. (2011)
	Calophyllum brasiliense cambess/hexanic, acetonic, methanolic extracts	MT2 human lymphocytes	IC₅₀ = 0.34 μM/ml	↓HIV-1	Huerta-Reyes et al. (2004a)
		HIV-I RT/in vitro	IC₅₀ = 0.5 μM/ml	↓RT
			IC₅₀ = 0.66 μM/ml	↓HIV-1 IIIb/LAV ↓replication
	Ferula moschata (H.Reinsch) koso-pol./dry root methanolic extract	H9 lymphocytes/in vitro	IC₅₀ > 100 mg/ml	↓HIV replication	Zhou et al. (2000)

Abbreviations and symbols: ↑ increased, ↓ decreased, chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), reverse transcriptase (RT), regulatory factor X-5 (RFX5).