TABLE 3.

Effect of copper decline on proliferation and differentiation in different cell types.

Cells	[Chelator]	Features	Proliferation	Differentiation		References
Studies in primary cells
Human fibroblast	100 µM d-penicillamine and 8 µM CuSO4	Synthesize fibers and maintain the extracellular matrix of tissues	↓		−	Matsubara and Hirohata (1988); Goodman et al. (2004)
HSC	40 µM Tepa	Hematopoietic stem cells	↑		↓	Huang et al. (2009)
HPC	40 µM Tepa	Hematopoietic progenitor cells	↑		↓	Peled et al. (2002); Peled et al. (2005); Huang et al. (2009)
CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells	10, 20, or 30 µM BCS during 6 days of culture 1 × 10−4% or 5 × 10−4% sodium azide during 6 days of culture	HSC possesses multipotentiality, enabling them to self-renew and to produce mature blood cells, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes	↑		↓	Jensen et al. (2019)
Lymphocyte T	25 μg/ml d- penicillamine and 2 μg/ml CuSO4	Immune system cell	↓		−	Lipsky and Ziff (1980); Lipsky (1984)
HUVEC	Inhibition of Cu transporter Ctr1	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	↓		↑	Narayanan et al. (2013)
RIP1–Tag2 mice	Tetrathiomolybdate 1 mg daily for up to 3 weeks	Tumorigenetic mouse model of pancreatic islet cell carcinoma	↓		↓ reduction in the number of angiogenic islets	Ishida et al. (2013)
βTC3	10 µM tetrathiomolybdate	Derived from RIP1–Tag2 tumors	↓		−	Ishida et al. (2013)
Tumor endothelia	Penicillamine (2000 µg per dose per mouse) Trientine (700 µg per dose per mouse)	Derived from mesothelioma tumors in mice	↓		−	Crowe et al. (2013)
A549 xenograft	Curcumin (U0126)	Tumor xenograft model	↓		−	Zhang et al. (2016)
Studies in cell lines from cancer
K562	10 µM BCS	Human erythroleukemia cell line	↓		↓	Bustos et al. (2013)
9L Gliosarcoma rat model	2 mg d- penicillamine orally, once daily, on the 3 days before and after implantation	Brain Glial cell	↓		−	Yoshida et al. (1995)
U937	5 μmol/L tet (2,3,2-tetraamine)	Human promonocytic cells	↓		↓	Huang and Failla (2000)
A2780	10 µM tetrathiomolybdate	Human ovarian carcinoma cells	↓		−	Ishida et al. (2013)
A375	Sulfur nanoparticles (Nano-S)	Malignant melanoma	↓		−	Liu et al. (2016)
MCF-7	Nano-S	Breast cancer cells	↓		−	Liu et al. (2016)
H1299	DC_AC2, DC_AC30, DC_AC49, DC_AC50, DC_AC61, DC_AC71	Lung cancer cells	↓		−	Wang et al. (2015)
212LN	DC_AC2, DC_AC30, DC_AC49, DC_AC50, DC_AC61, DC_AC71	Head and neck cancer cells	↓		−	Wang et al. (2015)
MB231	DC_AC2, DC_AC30, DC_AC49, DC_AC50, DC_AC61, DC_AC71	Breast cancer cells	↓		−	Wang et al. (2015)

↑: increase; ↓: decrease.