Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of 89 patients with COVID-19 disease and tuberculosis.
| Clinical characteristics | All patients (n = 89) | Survivor (n = 70) | Non-survivor (n = 19) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years ( n = 89/70/19) | ||||
| Average | 41.21 ± 17.84 | 37.76 ± 15.54 | 53.95 ± 19.78 | P < 0.001*** |
| 0–14 | 4 (4.49%) | 3 (4.29%) | 1 (5.26%) | 1.000 |
| 15–24 | 9 (10.11%) | 8 (11.43%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.677 |
| 25–44 | 40 (44.94%) | 38 (54.29%) | 2 (10.53%) | 0.001** |
| 45–64 | 24 (26.97%) | 18 (25.71%) | 6 (31.58%) | 0.609 |
| 65+ | 12 (13.48%) | 3 (4.29%) | 9 (47.37%) | P < 0.001*** |
| Sex ( n = 89/70/19) | ||||
| Female | 17 (19.1%) | 13 (18.57%) | 4 (21.05%) | 0.809 |
| Male | 72 (80.9%) | 57 (81.43%) | 15 (78.95%) | 0.809 |
| Country ( n = 89/70/19) | ||||
| India | 31 (34.83%) | 24 (34.29%) | 7 (36.84%) | 0.836 |
| Italy | 26 (29.21%) | 20 (28.57%) | 6 (31.58%) | 0.798 |
| China | 12 (13.48%) | 10 (14.29%) | 2 (10.53%) | 1.000 |
| Bangladesh | 3 (3.37%) | 3 (4.29%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Spain | 3 (3.37%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (15.79%) | 0.009** |
| Brazil | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| South Africa | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| America | 2 (2.25%) | 1 (1.43%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.383 |
| Panama | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Nepal | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Turkey | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| France | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Haiti | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Saudi Arabia | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| TB ( n = 89/70/19) | ||||
| Previous TB | 8 (8.99%) | 7 (10.00%) | 1 (5.26%) | 1.000 |
| LTBI | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Site | ||||
| Pulmonary TB only | 71 (79.78%) | 55 (78.57%) | 16 (84.21%) | 0.753 |
| Extrapulmonary TB only | 8 (8.99%) | 5 (7.14%) | 3 (15.79%) | 0.360 |
| Pulmonary TB/extrapulmonary TB (>1 site possible) | 8 (8.99%) | 8 (11.43%) | 0 (0%) | 0.194 |
| Site of extrapulmonary TB | ||||
| Central nervous system | 5 (5.62%) | 3 (4.29%) | 2 (10.53%) | 0.289 |
| Pleural | 4 (4.49%) | 4 (5.71%) | 0 (0%) | 0.574 |
| lymphadenitis | 2 (2.25%) | 1 (1.43%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.383 |
| Gastrointestinal | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| renal+ brain+ meningeal | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| pericardial+ pleural+ splenic+ bone | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| disseminated systemic tuberculosis | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities ( n = 78/61/17) | ||||
| Any | 44 (56.41%) | 32 (52.46%) | 12 (70.59%) | 0.183 |
| Hypertension | 14 (17.95%) | 6 (9.84%) | 8 (47.06%) | P < 0.001*** |
| Diabetes | 19 (24.36%) | 15 (24.59%) | 4 (23.53%) | 1.000 |
| Hepatitis | 3 (3.85%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (17.65%) | 0.009** |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (3.85%) | 1 (1.64%) | 2 (11.76%) | 0.118 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (2.56%) | 2 (3.28%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| COPD | 2 (2.56%) | 1 (1.64%) | 1 (5.88%) | 0.391 |
| Asthma | 2 (2.56%) | 2 (3.28%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Bronchiectasis | 1 (1.28%) | 1 (1.64%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Glioma | 1 (1.28%) | 1 (1.64%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Epilepsy | 3 (3.85%) | 3 (4.92%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| HIV | 5 (6.41%) | 4 (6.56%) | 1 (5.88%) | 1.000 |
| Cancer | 2 (2.56%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (11.76%) | 0.045* |
| Others | 15 (19.23%) | 11 (18.03%) | 4 (23.53%) | 0.729 |
| Symptoms at admission ( n = 81/70/11) | ||||
| Fever | 63 (77.78%) | 52 (74.29%) | 11 (100%) | 0.111 |
| Cough | 52 (64.2%) | 45 (64.29%) | 7 (63.64%) | 1.000 |
| Dyspnea | 29 (35.8%) | 21 (30%) | 8 (72.73%) | 0.014* |
| Weight loss | 13 (16.05%) | 11 (15.71%) | 2 (18.18%) | 1.000 |
| Fatigue | 9 (11.11%) | 8 (11.43%) | 1 (9.09%) | 1.000 |
| Expectoration | 8 (9.88%) | 6 (8.57%) | 2 (18.18%) | 0.297 |
| Chest pain | 8 (9.88%) | 8 (11.43%) | 0 (0%) | 0.590 |
| Headache | 7 (8.64%) | 6 (8.57%) | 1 (9.09%) | 1.000 |
| Myalgias | 7 (8.64%) | 7 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 0.585 |
| Vomiting | 6 (7.41%) | 5 (7.14%) | 1 (9.09%) | 1.000 |
| Chest tightness | 2 (2.47%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Diarrhea | 2 (2.47%) | 1 (1.43%) | 1 (9.09%) | 0.255 |
| Reduced appetite | 3 (3.7%) | 3 (4.29%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Hemoptysis | 4 (4.94%) | 4 (5.71%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Sore throat | 1 (1.23%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9.09%) | 0.136 |
| Night sweats | 2 (2.47%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Chills | 2 (2.47%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Asymptomatic | 4 (4.94%) | 4 (5.71%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| CT findings ( n = 89/70/19) | ||||
| Cavities | 29 (32.58%) | 23 (32.86%) | 6 (31.58%) | 0.916 |
| Infiltrates | 28 (31.46%) | 17 (24.29%) | 11 (57.89%) | 0.005** |
| Ground-glass opacity | 17 (19.1%) | 15 (21.43%) | 2 (10.53%) | 0.347 |
| Nodules | 15 (16.85%) | 14 (20%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.177 |
| Pleural effusion | 10 (11.24%) | 9 (12.86%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.683 |
| Fibrosis | 11 (12.36%) | 8 (11.43%) | 3 (15.79%) | 0.695 |
| Patchy shadows | 8 (8.99%) | 8 (11.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Consolidation | 8 (8.99%) | 7 (10%) | 1 (5.26%) | 1.000 |
| Miliary | 5 (5.62%) | 3 (4.29%) | 2 (10.53%) | 0.289 |
| Reticules | 5 (5.62%) | 5 (7.14%) | 0 (0%) | 0.580 |
| Calcific lesions | 4 (4.49%) | 4 (5.71%) | 0 (0%) | 0.574 |
| Pleural thickening | 3 (3.37%) | 2 (2.86%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.518 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 3 (3.37%) | 3 (4.29%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Minimal signs of interstitial thickening | 3 (3.37%) | 2 (2.86%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.518 |
| Tree in bud | 2 (2.25%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (10.53%) | 0.044* |
| Air bronchogram | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Mediastinal emphysema | 2 (2.25%) | 1 (1.43%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.383 |
| Pleural empyema | 2 (2.25%) | 1 (1.43%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.383 |
| Atelectasis | 2 (2.25%) | 2 (2.86%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Fibrous stripes | 1 (1.12%) | 1 (1.43%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Bilateral | 47 (52.81%) | 33 (47.14%) | 14 (73.68%) | 0.040* |
| Unilateral | 18 (20.22%) | 17 (24.29%) | 1 (5.26%) | 0.105 |
| Therapy ( n = 61/51/10) | ||||
| Antibiotics | 31 (50.82%) | 28 (54.9%) | 4 (40%) | 0.496 |
| Anti-TB therapy | 54 (88.52%) | 45 (88.24%) | 9 (90%) | 1.000 |
| Antiviral treatment | 14 (22.95%) | 13 (25.49%) | 1 (10%) | 0.429 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 16 (26.23%) | 14 (27.45%) | 2 (20%) | 1.000 |
| Corticosteroids | 7 (11.48%) | 6 (11.76%) | 1 (10%) | 1.000 |
| Traditional Chinese medicine | 4 (6.56%) | 4 (7.84%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 3 (4.92%) | 3 (5.88%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Tocilizumab | 2 (3.28%) | 2 (3.92%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy | 10 (16.39%) | 8 (15.69%) | 2 (20%) | 0.663 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 2 (3.28%) | 2 (3.92%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| ECMO | 1 (1.64%) | 1 (1.96%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Hemoperfusion | 1 (1.64%) | 1 (1.96%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Azithromycin | 13 (21.31%) | 12 (23.53%) | 1 (10%) | 0.674 |
| Ceftriaxone | 9 (14.75%) | 9 (17.65%) | 0 (0%) | 0.332 |
| Moxifloxacin | 3 (4.92%) | 2 (3.92%) | 1 (10%) | 0.421 |
| Amikacin | 2 (3.28%) | 1 (1.96%) | 1 (10%) | 0.303 |
| Meropenem | 1 (1.64%) | 1 (1.96%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 7 (11.48%) | 7 (13.73%) | 0 (0%) | 0.587 |
| Umifenovir hydrochloride | 6 (9.84%) | 6 (11.76%) | 0 (0%) | 0.577 |
| Tenofovir | 4 (6.56%) | 4 (7.84%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Remdesivir | 1 (1.64%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (10%) | 0.164 |
| Lamivudine | 1 (1.64%) | 1 (1.96%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Dolutegravir | 1 (1.64%) | 1 (1.96%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Favipiravir | 1 (1.64%) | 1 (1.96%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Interferon–α | 5 (8.2%) | 5 (9.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.580 |
| Low molecular weight heparin | 2 (3.28%) | 2 (3.92%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Aspirin | 2 (3.28%) | 1 (1.96%) | 1 (10%) | 0.303 |
| Laboratory examinations | ||||
| Leucocyte count (reference range 3.5–9.5 × 109/L) (n = 36/30/6) | 8.25 (5.18–9.88) | 8.015 (4.8–8.97) | 12.9 (10.5–16.73) | 0.007** |
| Neutrophil count (reference range 1.8–6.3 × 109/L) (n = 14/13/1) | 7.6 (6.93–7.6) | 7.6 (6.77–7.6) | 8.74 | 0.155 |
| Lymphocyte count (reference range 1.1–3.2 × 109/L) (n = 32/29/3) | 0.99 (0.73–1.31) | 1 (0.72–1.3) | 0.9 (0.83–1.36) | 0.721 |
| Hemoglobin (reference range 115–150 g/L) (n = 16/14/2) | 99 (83.5–114) | 99 (85.5–120,75) | 93.5 (88.25–98.75) | 0.634 |
| Platelet count (reference range 125–350 × 109/L) (n = 7/4/3) | 253 (201–323) | 235.5 (209.5–259.75) | 366 (273–398) | 0.480 |
| D-dimer (reference range 0–0.5 μg/mL) (n = 20/18/2) | 1.41 (1.09–2.65) | 1.41 (1.12–2.51) | 3.11 (2.04–4.18) | 0.801 |
| CRP (reference range 0–8 mg/L) (n = 21/20/1) | 77.1 (29.2–184.7) | 67.05 (26.60–181.18) | 293.8 | 0.137 |
| ESR (reference range 0–20 mm/h) (n = 6/5/1) | 75.5 (55.75–88.5) | 70 (51–81) | 123 | 0.143 |
| PCT (reference range 0–0.05 ng/mL (n = 5/5/0) | 2.57 (0.5–5.76) | 2.57 (0.5–5.76) | — | — |
| FER (reference range 11.0–306.8 ng/mL) (n = 18/17/1) | 739.5 (511.5–952.5) | 768 (513–978) | 137 | 0.102 |
| ALT (reference range 13–35 U/L) (n = 14/13/1) | 28.1 (25.05–36) | 28.1 (28.1–33) | 178 | 0.093 |
| AST (reference range 7–40 U/L) (n = 3/3/0) | 46 (27.55–78.5) | 46 (27.55–78.5) | — | — |
| LDH (reference range 120–150 U/L) (n = 14/12/2) | 384 (290.25–471.75) | 350 (283–500.25) | 433.5 (422.25–444.75) | 0.465 |
| Creatinine (reference range 62–106 umol/L) (n = 7/4/3) | 335.92 (189.51–396.92) | 189.51 (70.34–337.25) | 335.92 (335.92–455.26) | 0.154 |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; TB, tuberculosis; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PCT, procalcitonin; FER, ferroprotein; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase;
***
p < 0.001,
**
p < 0.01,
*
p < 0.05.