Table 1.
Sample demographics and environmental, and behavioral risk factors for smoking in the 10th grade (n = 442), and odds ratios for epigenetic positivity for smoke exposure in 10–12th grade.
| Demographic characteristics and risk factors (10th grade) | N or Mean (SD or Percent) |
|---|---|
| Age at intake (years) | 15.7 (0.6) |
| Sex (M) | 197 (45) |
| Race (Non-white) (n = 440) | 70 (16) |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic) | 69 (16) |
| Household income (< $50k/year) | 145 (33) |
| Probe: “My parents know where I am and who I am with when I am not at home.” Answer: “sometimes or rarely” (vs. “always or usually”) (n = 440) |
43 (10) |
| Probe: “How many of your friends to your parents know?” Answer: “none” or “a few” (vs. “most” or “all”) (n = 440) |
119 (27) |
| Probe: “How many of your best friends smoke cigarettes?” Answer: “most” or “all” (vs. “none” or “a few”) (n = 439) |
12 (3) |
| Probe: “How many of your best friends smoke marijuana?” Answer: “most” or “all” (vs. “none” or “a few”) (n = 439) |
37 (8) |
| Probe: “How many kids at school smoke cigarettes?” Answer: “most” or “all” (vs. “none” or “a few”) (n = 438) |
90 (21) |
| Probe: “How many kids at school use marijuana” Answer: “most” or “all” (vs. “none” or “a few”) (n = 439) |
154 (35) |
|
†Probe: “Do you have a girlfriend/boyfriend who smokes cigarettes?” Answer: “yes” (vs. “no”) (n = 248) |
36 (15) |
|
†Probe: “Do you have a girlfriend/boyfriend who uses marijuana?” Answer: “yes” (vs. “no”) (n = 244) |
62 (25) |
| Probe: “Do you have a family member who smokes” Answer: “yes” (vs. “no”) (n = 442) |
120 (27) |
| Probe: “Would you be willing to smoke a single cigarette?” Answer: “very” or “kind of” willing (vs. “not at all”) (n = 438) |
27 (6) |
| Probe: “Would you be willing to smoke a single joint?” Answer: “very” or “kind of” willing (vs. “not at all”) (n = 438) |
73 (17) |
| Smoker Prototype Scale score > 11 (73rd percentile) (n = 438) | 120 (27) |
| Cannabis User Prototype Scale score> 14 (79th percentile) (n = 444) | 94 (21) |
| ADHD Symptoms – “high” (≥6 symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity) (n = 442) | 104 (24) |
| ODD Symptoms –“high” (≥4 symptoms) (n = 434) | 62 (14) |
| CD Symptoms – “high” (≥3 or more symptoms) (n = 442) | 69 (16) |
| MDD Symptoms – “high” (PHQ-9 score ≥ 9) | 59 (13) |
ADHD, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; ODD, Oppositional-Defiant Disorder; CD, Conduct Disorder.
†
Only participants who endorsed having a boyfriend/girlfriend were asked this question.