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. 2021 Aug 24;12:722441. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.722441

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Copyright © 2021 Salum, Rolando, Zembrzuski, Carneiro, Mello, Maya-Monteiro, Bozza, Kohlrausch and da Fonseca

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The neuroendocrine circuit regulated by leptin and ghrelin hormones. Ghrelin is secreted by the stomach in response to a decrease of energy stock and upregulates the orexigenic neurons, stimulating the NPY and AgRP signaling, which promotes the increase of energy intake and decreases the energy expenditure. On the opposite, there is the leptin hormone, mainly secreted by fat tissue, and acts in inhibiting orexigenic neurons and upregulating anorexigenic neurons to express CART and POMC; the last one is cleaved into α-MSH. CART and α-MSH potentialize the satiety signal and increase the metabolic rate. Created with Biorender.com.