Table 3. Predictors of overall survival in patients who refused surgery.
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P | ||
| Age, years | |||||||
| 18–49 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| 50–69 | 1.78 | 1.22–2.60 | <0.01 | 1.67 | 0.92–3.02 | 0.09 | |
| ≥70 | 3.54 | 2.46–5.09 | <0.01 | 3.40 | 1.84–6.29 | <0.01 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Female | 1.11 | 0.97–1.28 | 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.71–1.10 | 0.27 | |
| Race | |||||||
| White | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Black | 0.82 | 0.67–1.01 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.51–1.02 | 0.07 | |
| Hispanic | 0.65 | 0.45–0.94 | 0.02 | 0.65 | 0.38–1.09 | 0.10 | |
| Other | 0.47 | 0.33–0.68 | <0.01 | 0.40 | 0.23–0.70 | <0.01 | |
| Insurance | |||||||
| Private | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| No insurance | 1.22 | 0.84–1.78 | 0.30 | 1.11 | 0.64–1.92 | 0.72 | |
| Medicaid | 1.19 | 0.85–1.65 | 0.32 | 1.52 | 0.97–2.37 | 0.07 | |
| Medicare | 2.07 | 1.71–2.50 | <0.01 | 1.19 | 0.88–1.61 | 0.27 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| 1 | 1.37 | 1.14–1.63 | <0.01 | 1.12 | 0.86–1.46 | 0.41 | |
| 2+ | 2.50 | 1.90–3.28 | <0.01 | 2.01 | 1.35–3.01 | <0.01 | |
| Geographic region | |||||||
| Northeast | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| South | 1.18 | 0.97–1.43 | 0.10 | 1.32 | 0.97–1.80 | 0.07 | |
| Midwest | 1.32 | 1.09–1.60 | <0.01 | 1.32 | 0.99–1.77 | 0.06 | |
| West | 1.03 | 0.83–1.28 | 0.78 | 1.34 | 0.97–1.85 | 0.08 | |
| Income | |||||||
| $30,000–34,999 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| $35,000–45,999 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.16 | 0.49 | 0.79 | 0.55–1.15 | 0.22 | |
| ≥$46,000 | 0.75 | 0.60–0.93 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.51–1.06 | 0.10 | |
| $30,000–34,999 | 0.82 | 0.67–1.00 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 0.53–1.20 | 0.27 | |
| Residents without high school degree | |||||||
| ≥29% | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| 20–28.9% | 0.84 | 0.67–1.04 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 0.58–1.22 | 0.36 | |
| 14–19% | 1.00 | 0.80–1.24 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 0.73–1.58 | 0.72 | |
| <14% | 0.88 | 0.72–1.08 | 0.23 | 1.04 | 0.68–1.58 | 0.86 | |
| Facility type | |||||||
| Community | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Academic/research | 0.82 | 0.71–0.94 | <0.01 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.14 | 0.43 | |
| Distance from treatment facility, miles | |||||||
| <50 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| 50 to 200 | 0.87 | 0.65–1.17 | 0.36 | – | – | – | |
| >200 | 0.96 | 0.51–1.79 | 0.89 | – | – | – | |
| Urbanization | |||||||
| Metro/urban | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Rural | 1.24 | 0.94–1.63 | 0.12 | 1.55 | 1.03–2.33 | 0.03 | |
| Year of diagnosis | 1.00 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.69 | ||||
| Clinical T category | |||||||
| cT1 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| cT2 | 0.49 | 0.30–0.78 | <0.01 | 0.66 | 0.31–1.42 | 0.29 | |
| cT3 | 0.49 | 0.32–0.77 | <0.01 | 0.81 | 0.40–1.66 | 0.56 | |
| cT4 | 0.81 | 0.50–1.30 | 0.38 | 1.20 | 0.55–2.62 | 0.64 | |
| Clinical N category | |||||||
| cN0 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| cN1 | 0.96 | 0.82–1.12 | 0.62 | – | – | – | |
| cN2 | 0.88 | 0.58–1.32 | 0.53 | – | – | – | |
| Tumor size, cm | |||||||
| ≤2.0 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| 2.1–5.0 | 1.04 | 0.74–1.45 | 0.83 | 1.26 | 0.88–1.82 | 0.21 | |
| 5.1–10.0 | 1.31 | 0.92–1.87 | 0.13 | 1.60 | 1.08–2.38 | 0.02 | |
| >10.0 | 2.25 | 1.30–3.90 | <0.01 | 3.69 | 2.00–6.79 | <0.01 | |
| Radiotherapy dose, cGy | |||||||
| ≤5,040 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| 5,041–5,400 | 0.94 | 0.74–1.19 | 0.61 | – | – | – | |
| >5,400 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.21 | 0.97 | – | – | – | |
| Treatment | |||||||
| No chemotherapy or radiotherapy | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Radiotherapy alone | 0.99 | 0.77–1.27 | 0.92 | 0.63 | 0.43–0.91 | 0.01 | |
| Chemotherapy alone | 0.70 | 0.45–1.09 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 0.17–0.74 | 0.01 | |
| Chemotherapy and radiotherapy | 0.45 | 0.38–0.53 | <0.01 | 0.30 | 0.23–0.38 | <0.01 | |
Variables included in the multivariate analysis include: age, sex, race, insurance, Charlson comorbidity index, geographic region, income, residents without high school degree, facility type, urbanization, clinical T category, tumor size, and treatment groups. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; T, tumor; c, clinical; N, nodes; cm, centimeter; cGy, centigray.