Table 1. Intracellular miRNA DR biomarkers.

Disorder	miRNA	Tissue	Targets	Action	Reference
DR	miR-21	Endothelial cells	Endothelial cells dysfunction;	Pathogenic, inflammation	(19)
DR	miR-216a	Rat retina, HRMECs	Suppression of NOS2/JAK/STAT	Protections of HRMECs	(20)
DR	miR-29b-3p	HRMEC	Blocking SIRT1	Pathogenic, HRMEC apoptosis	(21)
PDR	miR-203a-3p	Rat retina, OIR	VEGFA, HIF-1α	Inhibits angiogenesis	(22)
DR	miR-183	Rat retina	PI3K/Akt/VEGF, upregulating BTG1	Silencing inhibits cells growth	(22)
DR	miR-200b	Diabetic mouse retina, RMECs	VEGF	Inhibits VEGF	(23,24)

DR, diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; miR, microRNA; HRMEC, Human Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells; RMECs, Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells; OIR, oxygen-induced retinopathy; NOS2/JAK/STAT, Nitric Oxide Synthase 2/Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α; PI3K/Akt, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, Protein Kinase B; BTG1, B-Cell Translocation Gene 1 Protein.