TABLE 2.
Medicinal uses of animal species and their body parts/products in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan).
| Animal zoological name/English/Local | Area | Product/body part used | Additives | Recipe and disease treated | Dosage and treatment duration | FC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | Adults | ||||||
| Mammalia | |||||||
| Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758/Cat/Billi | D.I. Khan | Milk | Water | Milk is administered orally for epilepsy | NA | 4–5 spoons daily for 4 days | 3 |
| Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758/Camel/Oontni/Usha | D.I. Khan | Milk | NA | Milk is administered orally for joint and back pain, to reduce obesity, and cure cancer | NA | One glass daily | 13 |
| Bone of knee | NA | Bone is buried in the earth to avoid termites’ nuisance at home | Not used | Not used | |||
| Bannu, Lakki Marwat | Milk | NA | Milk is administered orally to cure Hepatitis B and C | One cup per day | Two cups per day | ||
| Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758/Cow/Gaae, Ghwa | D.I. Khan | Butter | NA | Butter is prescribed for bone fracture | Once a day | Once a day | 22 |
| Spleen | NA | The cooked spleen is used for drooling in children and to strong teeth | Once a week | Once a week | |||
| Udder | Water | The udder is prescribed for lactating mothers to increase milk quantity | NA | Twice a week | |||
| Curd | Eggs | One cup of curd is mixed with 2 eggs and prescribed for hair growth | NA | Once a week | |||
| Hide | NA | For storage of water | Not used | Not used | |||
| Blood | NA | Blood of cow, goat, camel, buffalo, and sheep is used to induce fertility and increase the number of fruit on plants | Not used | Not used | |||
| Lakki Marwat | Liver | Oil | Fried liver is used to treat night blindness | NA | NA | ||
| Tongue | Oil | The tongue is cooked and used to treat stuttering | For 7 days | NA | |||
| Omasum | Water | Omasum is cooked and used for digestive problems (pain, gas, and indigestion) | NA | For 7 days regularly | |||
| Bannu | Milk and butter | NA | Cow milk is mixed with butter and used to relieve gastric pain | Half glass once a day | One glass a day | ||
| Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758/Donkey/Kaaligadhi, Khra | D.I. Khan, Lakki Marwat |
Urine | Mix any color with it | Urine is used for whooping cough | Half cup twice a week | Half cup twice a week | 6 |
| Bannu | Bones | NA | Donkey bones are crushed to make powder and administered orally to cure epilepsy patients | NA | NA | ||
| Bannu, D.I. Khan, Lakki Marwat | Milk | NA | Milk is used for whooping cough and asthma | Half glass for a week | One glass at night for 1 week | ||
| Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758/Goat/Bakri/Wooza | D.I. Khan, Lakki Marwat | Milk | NA | Fresh milk is administered orally for blisters in the mouth and used topically on the head for dizziness | 4–5 spoons | 5–6 spoons | 15 |
| Liver | NA | Goat liver is fried in a frypan to obtain the extract for curing night blindness | NA | One drop once a day | |||
| Skin | NA | The skin is heated up and tied around the arm to heal bone fracture | For 1 week | For 1 week | |||
| Hide | NA | Goat hide is used to relieve joints pain | Once a day | NA | |||
| Head meat | NA | The head meat is used for the treatment of hepatitis C | Once a day | NA | |||
| Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758/Human being/Insan | Bannu, D.I. Khan | Milk | NA | Female milk is heated up and used to cure cough, flu, and as a drop in the ear of children to relieve earache | One time for 3 days at night | NA | 8 |
| Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758/Jackal/Geedar | D.I. Khan | Skin | NA | Skin in the form of a “hat” is used for brain hemorrhage | NA | 1 week | 1 |
| Herpestes edwardsi E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818/Mongoose/Neola | D.I. Khan | Ankle bone | NA | The bone is tied to the thighs of a pregnant woman to ease delivery. Mongoose is sacrificed and cooked with pumpkin to cure joint pain | NA | One time | 1 |
| Macaca mulatta Zimmermann, 1780/Monkey/Bander, Beezo | Lakki Marwat | Meat | NA | Meat is cooked properly and used for severe cough | One time | One time | 1 |
| Paraechinus micropus Blyth, 1846/Hedgehog/Kharpusht, Jeggay | Lakki Marwat | Meat | NA | Meat is cooked and used for the treatment of cancer | NA | NA | 1 |
| Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus, 1758/Rabbit/Khargosh/Soya | Bannu | Skin | NA | Wearing of rabbit skin in hand or foot is used to relieve bone pain | NA | One time | 4 |
| Lakki Marwat | Meat | Oil | Meat is used to treat asthma | Once a day | Twice a day | ||
| Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758/Sheep/Bhaer, Mazh | Bannu | Skin | NA | Wearing of sheep skin is used for the treatment of severe cough, fever, and paraplegia | NA | One time | 5 |
| D.I. Khan | Skin | NA | Skin is worn like clothes to treat muscle and joint pain as well as winter fever | For a week | For a week | ||
| Lakki Marwat | Wool | NA | The sheep wool is burnt in the fire to make ash and used for healing wounds | One time daily | One time daily | ||
| Funambulus palmarum Linnaeus, 1758/Squirrel/Gulehri, Korhibili | Bannu | Meat | Oil | Fried meat of squirrel in oil is used to treat epilepsy patient and relieve pain | NA | Once a day for 1 week | 2 |
| Tail | Oil | Fried tail of squirrel in oil is used for hair growth | NA | Two times in a week | |||
| D.I. Khan | Oil/fat | NA | Oil of squirrel is used for the treatment of baldness especially in male | NA | Once a day | ||
| Aves | |||||||
| Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817/Crow/Kaan, Laagra | Bannu, D.I. Khan | Tongue | Salt | The tongue of a crow is fried and eaten for stuttering or crow’s drinking water is given to a child | NA | One time a day for 3–5 days | 4 |
| Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758/Duck/Batakh | D.I. Khan | Meat | Salt and oil | Cooked meat is used for anemia and kidney problems | NA | Once a week | 6 |
| Fat | Salt | Fat is used for relieving piles pain and healing of injuries | NA | NA | |||
| Liver | Oil | Cooked liver is used to speed up hematopoiesis for curing anemia | NA | NA | |||
| Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758/Chicken/Murghi | Lakki Marwat | Egg | NA | Egg is boiled and whole yolk is removed. The yolk is cooked unless and until the oil come out of it. This oil is used for joints pain, hair fall, and body massage | NA | Two times daily | 28 |
| Milk | Raw egg is mixed with milk. It has great nutritional value and is used for blood pressure | NA | One time | ||||
| Meat | NA | Meat is cooked in water to make soup. It is used for cough, fever, asthma, and weakness | Once a day | Once a day | |||
| Egg yolk | NA | Egg yolk is separated and applied on the head of children for early tooth eruption | One time daily | NA | |||
| Fat | NA | Hen fat oil is extracted through cooking. The oil is then used for chest pain and ear pain in children | Two times daily in case of chest pain | NA | |||
| Bannu | Eggs, meat | Sugar, some spices | Raw eggs are mixed with boiled milk to treat cough. Make a sweet dish of eggs and is used for backache. Soup is used for chest infections. Hen fat is used for tooth eruption | One egg in one cup of milk at night | One egg in one cup of milk at night | ||
| D.I. Khan | Skin | NA | Skin is used for treatment of blisters and pimples | NA | Once a day | ||
| Fat | NA | Topically used on gums of children to easy tooth eruption | Twice a day | NA | |||
| Eggshell | NA | Eggshell is hanged using a piece of thread to avoid lizard nuisance at home and in room, etc. | Not used | Not used | |||
| Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758/Ostrich/Shutar murgh | D.I. Khan | Fat | NA | Fat is topically applied on hands and feet of children for walking at an early age | Once a daily | NA | 1 |
| Columba livia J. F. Gmelin, 1789/Pigeon/Kabooter/Kawtara | Bannu | Meat | Salt | Pigeon meat is used for early onset of puberty in young girls | NA | One time at night daily for 1 week | 4 |
| D.I. Khan | Egg | NA | Boiled eggs are used to treat children for stammering | One egg per day for almost 1 week | NA | ||
| Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758/House sparrow/Chirya, Murghya | Bannu | Droppings | Mother milk | Droppings of sparrows is mixed with mother milk and administered orally to children for the treatment of diarrhea and to relieve abdominal pain | Two spoons twice a day | NA | 5 |
| Reptilia | |||||||
| Saara hardwickii Gray, 1827/Indian spiny-tailed lizard/Sanda | Lakki Marwat | Fat | NA | Fat is converted into oil and applied topically for joints pain, sexual enhancement, body massage, and muscle ache | NA | Two times daily | 2 |
| D.I. Khan | Fat | NA | Sanda oil is used topically for muscle and bone pain | NA | Once time daily | ||
| Echis carinatus Schneider, 1801/Snake/Manger | Bannu | Whole animal | NA | Snake is boiled to make soup and is used for the treatment of cancer and all non-curable diseases | NA | Two teaspoons at morning time for 3-days | 3 |
| Pisces | |||||||
| Labeo rohita Hamilton, 1822/Rohu/Machli, Kab | Bannu | Liver | NA | Cod liver oil is used for the treatment of asthma, rickets, joints pain and skin fairness | One time daily | One time daily | 11 |
| D.I. Khan Lakki Marwat | Bones | Honey | Fish skeleton is cooked unless and until it turns black and then ground to make powder of it. A small amount of powder is mixed with one spoon of honey to relieve cough and chest pain | One time daily | Two times daily | ||
| D.I. Khan | Oil | NA | Oil is topically applied for joint pain | NA | One time per day | ||
| Gall bladder | NA | The gall bladder is dried up for a long period in a shady place and used for kidney pain and removal of kidney stones | NA | Twice a day | |||
| Insecta | |||||||
| Ochetellus glaber Mayr, 1862/Ant/Mizhai | Bannu | Mud house | Water | Mud house paste is mixed with water and applied topically for curing mumps | Once a day | Once a day | 1 |
| Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793/Shehad Makhi/Asian honey bee/Muchya | Bannu, D.I. Khan | Honey | Milk | Honey is mixed with milk and used as an anti-venom | Thrice a day | Thrice a day | 21 |
| Milk | One teaspoon of honey is mixed with two teaspoons of milk and used at night on the face for freshness and fairness | NA | One time daily at night | ||||
| Sceliphron caementarium Drury, 1773/Mud wasp/Girain | D.I. Khan | Mud house | Water | Mud house is mixed with water and used for vomiting | Two times a day | NA | 3 |
| Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758/Housefly/Mach | Bannu | Whole insect | Chicken soup | Forty houseflies are mixed with chicken soup to treat malaria | Ten houseflies per day | NA | 2 |
| Lakki Marwat | Whole insect | Sugar | Houseflies are mixed with sugar to treat typhoid | NA | One time | ||
| Arachnida | |||||||
| Orthochirus pallidus Pocock, 1897/Scorpian/Bichoo, Larham | D.I. Khan | Whole animal | Oil | Scorpion is cooked in oil to make a fine mixture locally called “roghan” and used topically for bell’s palsy and paralysis | Two times a day | Two times a day | 9 |
| Bannu | Whole animal | NA | Scorpion is killed and the poisonous part is removed and used to treat cancer and non-curable diseases | NA | NA | ||
| Stegodyphus pacificus Pocock, 1897/Spider/Makri | D.I. Khan | Web | Water | Cobweb is mixed in water and administered orally to treat vomiting in children | Twice a day | NA | 2 |
| Annelida | |||||||
| Hirudinaria manillensis Lesson/Leech/Keera, Jalam | Bannu, D.I. Khan | Whole insect | NA | Human beings used leeches for sucking blood from large pimples and also used for blood purification | NA | One time | 8 |
NA; data not available.