. 2021 Aug 20;12:649046. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.649046

TABLE 3.

Medicinal uses of animal-plant recipes in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan).

Zoological name/Local name	Area	Product/body part used	Botanical name/Local name/voucher no./Family	Part used	Additives	Recipe and disease treated	Dosage and treatment duration		FC
Mammals
Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758/Cow/Gaae, Ghwa	D.I. Khan	Milk	Curcuma longa L./Haldi/KUH-1639/Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Sugar	Half or one spoon of turmeric is mixed in a cup of milk and administered orally to reduce pain in injury	Once a day	Once a day	47
			Phoenix dactylifera L./Chwara/KUH-359a/Arecaceae	Fruit	Sugar	Soak four dates overnight in a cup of boiled milk, add some sugar, and are used early in the morning to conceive pregnancy	NA	One cup on 2nd day of menses and use (one cup) for 3 days onwards. Repeat the same for each menstrual cycle for 3 months
			Cicer arietinum L./Chana/KUH-323a/Fabaceae	Seeds	Water	Make a paste of Cicer arietinum seeds powder (one spoon), one spoon of lemon juice and milk is mixed and applied topically for pimples	NA	Daily at night for 1 week
			Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck/KUH-327a/Niboo/Rutaceae	Fruit	Water		NA	Daily at night for 1 week
		Curd	Mentha piperita L./Podina/KUH-353a/Lamiaceae	Leaves	Salt	Crushed fresh leaves of Mentha piperita, seeds of Piper nigrum, and some salt is mixed in curd for treating stomach problems	2–3 spoons after a meal	5–6 spoons after a meal
		Curd	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt		2–3 spoons after a meal	5–6 spoons after a meal
		Butter	Peganum harmala L./Harmal/KUH-358a/Nitrariaceae	Seeds	NA	Paste of harmal plant and butter is prepared and used topically for an abscess on the body	One time a day	One time a day
	Bannu, D.I. Khan	Leg bones (Trotters)	Piper nigrum L./Kali Mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Cow’s leg bone is boiled, add some spices, to make soup and is used to relieve backache and leg pain. It also used as a delicious and nutritious food	NA	One cup per day
	Bannu, D.I. Khan	Leg bones (Trotters)	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water		NA	One cup per day
	Bannu	Milk	Phoenix dactylifera L./Kajoor/KUH-359a/Arecaceae	Fruit	Sugar	Cow’s milk is mixed with four dates and prescribed for the treatment of cough and opening of heart valves	One cup daily at night for 1 week	One cup daily at night for 3–4 days
		Milk	Ricinus communis L./Castor oil/KUH-449a/Euphorbiaceae	Oil	Egg	Two eggs, four spoons of Castrol oil are mixed with cow milk and is used at the time of delivery to relieve pain	NA	One glass
		Butter	Punica granatum L./Anar/KUH-448a/Lythraceae	Peel	Milk	Powder of dry peel of one Pomegranate is mixed with one jug of milk and two spoons of butter are used for the appendix and gastric pain	NA	One cup before breakfast and at night for 2 days
Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758/Goat/Bakri, Wooza	Bannu, D.I. Khan	Meat	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Boiled meat, a teaspoon of black pepper, one teaspoon of garam masala, salt are cooked to make soup and is used for the treatment of Hepatitis B	One cup per day daily for 15 days	One cup daily for 10 days	8
		Meat	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water		One cup per day daily for 15 days	One cup daily for 10 days
		Liver	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	The liver is cooked with some spices and used for the treatment of anemia	3–4 pieces daily for almost 7–8 days	3–4 pieces daily for almost 7–8 days
		Liver	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water		3–4 pieces daily for almost 7–8 days	3–4 pieces daily for almost 7–8 days
Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758/Human being/Insan	Lakki Marwat, D.I. Khan	Hairs	Brassica rapa L./Sarsoon/KUH-428a/Brassicaceae	Oil	Egg	Hairs are dipped into a mixture of Mustard oil and egg for topical use to relieve joints pain and muscle ache	NA	Twice a day	5
Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus, 1758/Rabbit/Khargosh	Bannu	Meat	Solanum lycopersicum L./Tmatar/KUH-469/Solanaceae	Fruit	Salt, water	Cooked meat is used for the treatment of bronchial diseases	Half cup of soup per day for 4 days	One cup for almost 2 days	5
	Bannu	Meat	Capsicum annuum L./Sabzmirch/KUH-468/Solanaceae	Fruit	Salt, water	Cooked meat is used for the treatment of bronchial diseases	Half cup of soup per day for 4 days	One cup for almost 2 days
	D.I. Khan	Meat	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Meat is cooked with some spices and salt for treating Bell’s palsy and asthma	NA	One cup for 3 days
	D.I. Khan	Meat	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water		NA	One cup for 3 days
Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758/Sheep/Bhaer, Mazh	Bannu	Liver	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Oil, salt, water	The liver is cooked with spices and used to increase the blood level	Once a day for a week	Once a day for a week	5
Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758/Sheep/Bhaer, Mazh	Bannu	Liver	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Oil, salt, water		Once a day for a week	Once a day for a week	5
Aves
Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758/Chicken/Chote chooze	D.I. Khan	Meat	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Soup is used for the anemic condition after large injuries and accidents	Once a day for a week	Once a day for a week	8
Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758/Chicken/Chote chooze	Lakki Marwat	Meat	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Soup is used for the chest infection, cough, fever, asthma, and weakness	One time a day	One time a day	3
Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky, 1838/Dove/Faakhta	Bannu	Meat	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Soup of dove meat, add some spices and black pepper is prescribed for the treatment of cough and early onset of puberty in girls	One cup at night for cough for 3 days	One cup daily for 1 month	6
Columba livia J. F. Gmelin, 1789/Pigeon/Kabooter, Kawtara	Bannu	Meat	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Boiled meat of pigeon by adding some spices is used for the treatment of measles and Bell’s palsy	Two times per day for 3-days	3-times per day for almost 1 week	16
	Bannu	Meat	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water		Two times per day for 3-days	3-times per day for almost 1 week
	Lakki Marwat, D. I. Khan	Meat	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	Soup of pigeons is very effective in cough, asthma, and paralysis	One time daily	One time daily
	Lakki Marwat, D. I. Khan	Meat	Coriandrum sativum L. Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water		One time daily	One time daily
Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758/House sparrow/Chirya, Murghya	D.I. Khan	Meat	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Salt, water	The meat of sparrow is boiled by adding some spices is used for the treatment of measles and heart problems	One cup for almost 3-days	As needed	3
	D.I. Khan	Meat	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Salt, water		One cup for almost 3-days	As needed
	Lakki Marwat	Blood	Vicia lens (L.) Coss. and Germ. Masoor Daal/KUH-467/Leguminosae	Seeds	NA	Ground pulses (powder) is mixed with blood to make pills and are used for sexual enhancement	NA	NA
Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1758/Myna/Maina, Myna	Bannu	Whole animal	Piper nigrum L./Kali mirch/KUH-462/Piperaceae	Seeds	Oil, salt, water	Boiled meat of starling by adding some spices and is prescribed to those children who have a problem in speaking and walking	Half cup per day for 2 days	NA	3
Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1758/Myna/Maina, Myna	Bannu	Whole animal	Coriandrum sativum L./Dhania/KUH- 331a/Apiaceae	Seeds	Oil, salt, water		Half cup per day for 2 days	NA	3
Insecta
Neoponera venerae Forel, 1922/Ant/Papeeli	D. I. Khan	Whole body	Olea europaea L./Zaitoon/KUH-466/Oleaceae	Oil	Water	Whole ant is cooked in olive oil by adding some water and is used as a drop in the ear to treat deafness	NA	NA	2
Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793/Asian honey bee/Shehad ki Makhi/Muchya	Bannu	Honey	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze KUH-464/Sabzchay/Theaceae	Leaves	Milk	A spoon of honey is mixed with half spoon turmeric and one glass of milk is used for the treatment of cough and throat infection. Honey is also mixed with green tea to lose extra fat	One cup at night for 1 week	One cup at night for 3-days and Green tea can be used daily	16
	Bannu	Honey	Curcuma longa L./Haldi/KUH-436a/Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Milk		One cup at night for 1 week	One cup at night for 3-days and Green tea can be used daily
	D.I. Khan	Honey	Cinnamomum verum J.Presl/KUH-463/Dar cheeni/Lauraceae	Bark	NA	Powder of cinnamon plant is mixed with honey to treat fever and cough	Twice a day	Thrice a day
Arachnida
Orthochirus pallidus Pocock, 1897/Scorpion/Bichoo, Larham	Bannu, Lakki, D.I. Khan	Whole animal	Brassica rapa L./Sarsoon/KUH-428a/Brassicaceae	Seeds	NA	Scorpion is fried in Brassica seeds oil and used topically to reduce pain and swelling of a venomous bite	Twice a day	Twice a day	4

NA; data not available.