Table 1.
Sample descriptive statistics across European leagues pre-during COVID intervention.
| Pre-COVID (with crowd) |
During-COVID (no crowd) |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| League | Games | % home wins | Mean No. Points/goals |
Mean No. Referee decisions committed a game |
Percent played | Games | % home wins | Mean No. Points/goals |
Mean No. Referee decisions committed a game |
Percent played | ||||||
| H | A | Fouls (H/A) | Yellow (H/A) | Red (H/A) | H | A | Fouls (H/A) | Yellow (H/A) | Red (H/A) | |||||||
| England I | 288 | 45% | 1.59 1.51 |
1.16 1.22 |
10.32 10.89 |
1.57 1.81 |
0.06 0.06 |
76% | 92 | 47% | 1.62 1.54 |
1.16 1.17 |
11.12 11.24 |
1.44 1.59 |
0.06 0.06 |
24% |
| England II | 444 | 43% | 1.55 1.43 |
1.16 1.21 |
11.59 12.71 |
1.49 1.94 |
0.04 0.07 |
80% | 108 | 38% | 1.38 1.34 |
1.38 1.29 |
12.74 12.67 |
1.35 1.42 |
0.06 0.08 |
20% |
| Germany I | 223 | 43% | 1.51 1.74 |
1.27 1.51 |
11.01 11.62 |
1.78 2.17 |
0.06 0.12 |
73% | 83 | 33% | 1.20 1.42 |
1.57 1.66 |
12.62 11.51 |
2.12 1.91 |
0.09 0.09 |
27% |
| Germany II | 223 | 42% | 1.57 1.55 |
1.12 1.29 |
12.03 12.62 |
1.83 2.26 |
0.12 0.12 |
73% | 83 | 42% | 1.58 1.65 |
1.07 1.32 |
13.59 12.72 |
2.25 1.95 |
0.04 0.12 |
27% |
| Spain I | 270 | 48% | 1.71 1.51 |
1.01 1.03 |
13.68 14.02 |
2.59 2.76 |
0.09 0.13 |
71% | 110 | 41% | 1.50 1.26 |
1.22 1.07 |
13.71 13.29 |
2.49 2.19 |
0.12 0.11 |
29% |
| Spain II | 340 | 39% | 1.54 1.28 |
1.10 1.03 |
15.69 15.89 |
2.62 2.88 |
0.14 0.18 |
74% | 121 | 44% | 1.62 1.26 |
1.11 0.98 |
15.63 15.28 |
2.71 2.53 |
0.15 0.16 |
26% |
| Italy I | 256 | 40% | 1.43 1.54 |
1.34 1.38 |
13.76 14.29 |
2.55 2.89 |
0.13 0.16 |
67% | 124 | 44% | 1.55 1.80 |
1.23 1.49 |
13.69 13.03 |
2.22 2.14 |
0.11 0.09 |
33% |
| Italy II | 279 | 46% | 1.64 1.42 |
1.09 1.06 |
15.47 16.12 |
2.48 2.75 |
0.16 0.20 |
74% | 101 | 42% | 1.51 1.36 |
1.22 1.23 |
15.49 15.54 |
2.47 2.47 |
0.18 0.13 |
26% |
| Portugal | 216 | 40% | 1.45 1.28 |
1.29 1.13 |
15.53 15.61 |
2.40 2.78 |
0.11 0.14 |
71% | 90 | 44% | 1.59 1.50 |
1.16 1.17 |
17.28 16.69 |
2.68 2.25 |
0.20 0.14 |
29% |
| Greece | 182 | 48% | 1.71 1.51 |
1.02 0.93 |
15.78 16.55 |
2.48 2.97 |
0.10 0.20 |
76% | 58 | 33% | 1.36 1.16 |
1.24 0.97 |
16.12 16.63 |
2.58 3.13 |
0.15 0.09 |
24% |
| Turkey | 234 | 43% | 1.58 1.61 |
1.15 1.21 |
13.71 13.59 |
2.38 2.62 |
0.15 0.18 |
76% | 72 | 46% | 1.61 1.62 |
1.15 1.37 |
13.47 13.19 |
2.38 2.18 |
0.14 0.16 |
24% |
| Austria | 132 | 36% | 1.32 1.77 |
1.43 1.69 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 68% | 63 | 30% | 1.13 1.30 |
1.65 1.77 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 32% |
| Denmark | 167 | 49% | 1.68 1.56 |
1.11 1.24 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 70% | 75 | 39% | 1.43 1.48 |
1.31 1.29 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 30% |
| Russia | 176 | 37% | 1.38 1.28 |
1.36 1.10 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 73% | 64 | 34% | 1.31 1.30 |
1.41 1.27 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 27% |
| Swiss | 170 | 42% | 1.59 1.65 |
1.38 1.51 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 50% | 170 | 42% | 1.36 1.21 |
1.16 1.36 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 50% |
| Total | 3515 | 43% | 1.55 1.51 |
1.20 1.23 |
13.50 14.23 |
1.19 1.57 |
0.11 0.14 |
73% | 1329 | 41% | 1.45 1.42 |
1.27 1.29 |
14.13 13.83 |
1.20 1.39 |
0.13 0.15 |
27% |
Note: Means in the total column are un-weighted, unlike those presented in the below figures which are weighted based on sample size; I refers to the ‘top’ league in that country, while II refers to the second league, e.g. in the UK I refers to the Premier League, and II refers to the Championship; No. Refers to number of games; ‘H’ represents home teams, ‘A’ represents away; ‘Rounds’ refers to N games played for each time in that respective league; NA reflects data that was not available for that league/country.