Table 2.

Regression models for points gained, goals and dominance across European football leagues in 2019/20 season with and without an audience.

_	Points			Goals			Dominance
Predictors	IRR	SE	p	IRR	SE	p	std. β	SE	p
(Intercept)	1.51	0.01	< .001	1.43	0.02	< .001	0.28	0.02	< .001
Venue (away)	0.74	0.02	< .001	0.81	0.02	< .001	−0.52	0.02	< .001
COVID period (during)	0.95	0.03	.036	0.97	0.03	.234	−0.27	0.03	< .001
Rating difference	1.30	0.01	< .001	1.24	0.01	< .001	0.41	0.02	< .001
Importance difference	1.05	0.01	< .001	1.03	0.01	.001	0.04	0.01	.001
Venue (away) * COVID (during)	1.12	0.04	.004	1.10	0.04	.017	0.33	0.04	< .001
Venue (away) * Rating difference	1.07	0.02	< .001				−0.06	0.02	.004
Rating difference * Importance difference	0.97	0.01	< .001				0.02	0.01	.018
Random Effects
σ²	0.56			0.57			0.77
τ₀₀	0.00 _Team			0.01 _Team			0.03 _Team
ICC	0.00			0.02			0.04
N	264 _Team			264 _Team			213 _Team
Marginal R²/Conditional R²	0.182/0.183			0.096/0.118			0.198/0.227

Note. IRR=Incident Rate Ratios; Venue is coded 0 for Home and 1 for Away; COVID is coded as 0 for pre-COVID and 1 for during COVID.