Table 3.

Regression models for referees’ decisions. Fouls, yellow, and red cards across European football leagues in 2019/20 season.

	Fouls			Yellow			Red
Predictors	Estimates	SE	p	IRR	SE	p	IRR	SE	p
(Intercept)	13.61	0.17	< .001	2.16	0.02	< .001	0.10	0.06	< .001
Venue (away)	0.35	0.10	.001	1.13	0.02	< .001	1.15	0.08	.070
COVID period (during)	0.48	0.14	.001	1.00	0.02	.928	1.06	0.11	.606
Dominance	−0.34	0.05	< .001	0.95	0.01	< .001	0.73	0.04	< .001
Rating difference	0.23	0.08	.005	0.94	0.01	< .001	1.08	0.04	.056
Importance difference	−0.08	0.05	.146
Venue (away) * COVID (during)	−0.70	0.20	< .001	0.83	0.03	< .001	0.77	0.15	.086
Rating difference * Importance difference	−0.16	0.04	< .001
Venue * Rating difference	0.30	0.09	.001	1.07	0.02	< .001
Random Effects
σ²	14.61			0.37			2.29
τ₀₀	4.70 _Team			0.04 _Team			0.11 _Team
ICC	0.24			0.10			0.05
N	212 _Team			212 _Team			212 _Team
Marginal R²/Conditional R²	0.014/0.254			0.025/0.127			0.040/0.085

Note. IRR=Incident Rate Ratios; Venue is coded 0 for Home and 1 for Away; COVID is coded as 0 for pre-COVID and 1 for during COVID.