Table 1. WMSD prevalence and risk for different demographic groups among key industries or occupational groups in China, 2018–2020.
| Characteristic | Number | Any body part | Neck | Shoulders | Lower back | |||||||||
| No. of cases | Rate, % | OR (95%CI) | No. of cases | OR (95%CI) | No. of cases | OR (95%CI) | No. of cases | OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| Abbreviations: WMSDs=work-related musculoskeletal disorders; BMI=body mass index.
*P<0.05. | ||||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 37,240 | 14,057 | 37.7 | 1 | 7,774 | 1 | 6,419 | 1 | 5,514 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 20,261 | 9,612 | 47.4 | 1.5 (1.4−1.5)* | 6,713 | 1.9 (1.8−2.0)* | 5,647 | 1.9 (1.8−1.9)* | 3,935 | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| <25 | 12,085 | 4,426 | 36.6 | 1 | 2,389 | 1 | 2,027 | 1 | 1,462 | 1 | ||||
| 25– | 26,139 | 11,196 | 42.8 | 1.3 (1.2−1.4)* | 6,967 | 1.5 (1.4−1.6)* | 5,741 | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* | 4,577 | 1.5 (1.4−1.6)* | ||||
| 35– | 12,301 | 5,294 | 43.0 | 1.3 (1.2−1.4)* | 3,486 | 1.6 (1.5−1.7)* | 2,888 | 1.5 (1.4−1.6)* | 2,238 | 1.6 (1.5−1.7)* | ||||
| 45– | 5,802 | 2,271 | 39.1 | 1.1 (1.0−1.2)* | 1,385 | 1.2 (1.2−1.4)* | 1,187 | 1.3 (1.2−1.4)* | 964 | 1.4 (1.3−1.6)* | ||||
| 55– | 1,174 | 482 | 41.1 | 1.2 (1.1−1.4)* | 260 | 1.2 (1.0−1.3)* | 223 | 1.2 (1.0−1.4)* | 208 | 1.6 (1.3−1.8)* | ||||
| Working age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| <2 | 16,061 | 5,498 | 34.2 | 1 | 2,955 | 1 | 2,536 | 1 | 1,886 | 1 | ||||
| 2– | 12,072 | 4,989 | 41.3 | 1.3 (1.3−1.4)* | 3,011 | 1.5 (1.4−1.6)* | 2,509 | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* | 1,857 | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* | ||||
| 4– | 7,299 | 3,106 | 42.6 | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* | 1,966 | 1.6 (1.5−1.7)* | 1,654 | 1.6 (1.5−1.7)* | 1,292 | 1.6 (1.5−1.7)* | ||||
| 6– | 9,717 | 4,361 | 44.9 | 1.6 (1.5−1.6)* | 2,805 | 1.8 (1.7−1.9)* | 2,302 | 1.7 (1.6−1.8)* | 1,853 | 1.8 (1.7−1.9)* | ||||
| 8– | 12,352 | 5,715 | 46.3 | 1.7 (1.6−1.7)* | 3,750 | 1.9 (1.8−2.0)* | 3,065 | 1.8 (1.7−1.9)* | 2,561 | 2.0 (1.8−2.1)* | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||
| Junior high school | 15,369 | 5,543 | 36.1 | 1 | 3,230 | 1 | 2,815 | 1 | 2,225 | 1 | ||||
| Senior high school | 21,901 | 8,636 | 39.4 | 1.2 (1.1−1.2)* | 4,990 | 1.1 (1.1−1.2)* | 4,174 | 1.1 (1.0−1.1)* | 3,399 | 1.1 (1.0−1.2)* | ||||
| University degree | 19,231 | 8,949 | 46.5 | 1.5 (1.5−1.6)* | 5,841 | 1.6 (1.6−1.7)* | 4,729 | 1.5 (1.4−1.5)* | 3,626 | 1.4 (1.3−1.5)* | ||||
| Graduate degree | 1,000 | 541 | 54.1 | 2.1 (1.8−2.4)* | 426 | 2.8 (2.4−3.2)* | 348 | 2.4 (2.1−2.7)* | 199 | 1.5 (1.2−1.7)* | ||||
| BMI | ||||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 6,006 | 2,459 | 40.9 | 1 | 1,487 | 1 | 1,217 | 1 | 908 | 1 | ||||
| 18.5– | 39,328 | 16,130 | 41.0 | 1.0 (0.9−1.1) | 9,973 | 1.0 (0.9−1.1) | 8,389 | 1.1 (0.9−1.1) | 6,414 | 1.1 (1.0−1.2)* | ||||
| 25– | 12,167 | 5,080 | 41.8 | 1.0 (1.0−1.1) | 3,027 | 1.0 (0.9−1.1) | 2,460 | 1.0 (0.9−1.1) | 2,127 | 1.2 (1.1−1.3)* | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||
| No | 36,527 | 15,496 | 42.4 | 1 | 9,895 | 1 | 8,227 | 1 | 6,074 | 1 | ||||
| Occasionally | 10,111 | 3,616 | 35.8 | 0.8 (0.7−0.8) | 2,049 | 0.7 (0. 6−0.7)* | 1,708 | 0.7 (0.6−0.7)* | 1,453 | 0.8 (0.8−0.9)* | ||||
| Frequently | 10,863 | 4,557 | 41.9 | 1.0 (0.9−1.0) | 2,543 | 0.8 (0. 8−0.9)* | 2,131 | 0.8 (0.8−0.9)* | 1,922 | 1.1 (1.0−1.1)* | ||||
| Sporting | ||||||||||||||
| No | 17,947 | 7,859 | 43.8 | 1 | 4,772 | 1 | 4,038 | 1 | 3,375 | 1 | ||||
| Occasionally | 32,797 | 13,272 | 40.5 | 0.9 (0.8−0.9)* | 8,147 | 0.9 (0.8−0.9)* | 6,749 | 0.9 (0.8−0.9)* | 5,116 | 0.8 (0.7−0.8)* | ||||
| Frequently | 6,757 | 2,538 | 37.6 | 0.8 (0.7−0.8)* | 1,568 | 0.8 (0.8−0.9)* | 1,279 | 0.8 (0.7−0.8)* | 958 | 0.7 (0.6−0.7)* | ||||