Table 3.

Adjusted associations between food security (FS) and smoking outcomes

	Cross-sectional association between FS status and current smoking	Longitudinal fixed-effect model examining changes in FS and current smoking	Longitudinal Tobit model examining FS status and smoking intensity
	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	Relative difference (95% CI)
Current FS
High	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Marginal FS	1.52** (1.14 to 2.04)	1.56* (1.08 to 2.25)	1.17*** (1.07 to 1.27)
Low FS	1.70*** (1.28 to 2.27)	1.88** (1.23 to 2.87)	1.21*** (1.10 to 1.32)
Very low FS	1.91*** (1.42 to 2.59)	1.66* (1.02 to 2.71)	1.16** (1.04 to 1.29)
HIV seropositivity (neg. ref)	0.59*** (0.48 to 0.73)	--	0.57*** (0.46 to 0.71)
Age at visit, years	0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)	0.95 (0.83 to 1.08)	1.01 (1.00 to 1.02)
Race
Non-Hispanic white	Ref.	--	Ref.
Hispanic	0.59* (0.39 to 0.90)	--	0.54** (0.36 to 0.80)
African American/black	1.02 (0.73 to 1.44)	--	0.99 (0.71 to 1.38)
Other	0.77 (0.42 to 1.40)	--	0.60 (0.33 to 1.07)
Income (US$)
<US$12 000	Ref	Ref	Ref
US$12 001–US$24 000	0.78* (0.61 to 0.98)	1.05 (0.73 to 1.52)	0.89** (0.81 to 0.97)
US$24 001–US$36 000	0.84 (0.60 to 1.17)	1.05 (0.61 to 1.82)	0.82** (0.72 to 0.93)
US$36 001–US$75 000	0.62* (0.42 to 0.93)	2.38* (1.05 to 5.39)	0.80** (0.69 to 0.94)
US$75 001	0.37** (0.19 to 0.71)	1.94 (0.48 to 7.80)	0.54*** (0.42 to 0.71)
Employed (unemployed ref)	0.45*** (0.36 to 0.57)	1.47 (0.94 to 2.30)	0.89** (0.81 to 0.97)
Marital status
Partnered	Ref	Ref	Ref
Divorced/separated/widowed	0.91 (0.70 to 1.17)	0.68 (0.40 to 1.14)	0.92 (0.82 to 1.03)
Never married	0.94 (0.74 to 1.19)	0.98 (0.57 to 1.69)	1.00 (0.89 to 1.13)
Other	1.07 (0.76 to 1.51)	0.68 (0.36 to 1.27)	0.92 (0.79 to 1.06)
Education (<high school ref)
≥High school education	0.54*** (0.44 to 0.66)	-	0.42*** (0.34 to 0.52)
Child dependents (none ref)
Yes	0.66*** (0.48 to 0.73)	0.85 (0.56 to 1.29)	0.91 (0.83 to 1.00)
Observations	2133	1700	11 301
No of Unique IDs	2133	344	2522

*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

AOR, adjusted OR.