Table 1.

Recruitment sites in this study

Name	Location	Type	Treatment as usual	Most reported primarily used substance
Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital	Jakarta	Tertiary national general hospital	Individual psychotherapy, symptomatic pharmacotherapy	Benzodiazepine
Aceh Mental Hospital	Aceh	Tertiary provincial mental hospital	Individual psychotherapy, symptomatic pharmacotherapy	Methamphetamine
Duren Sawit Regional Hospital	Jakarta	Tertiary regional general hospital	Individual psychotherapy, symptomatic pharmacotherapy, opioid substitution therapy (buprenorphine, naloxone)	Opioid
Karisma Foundation	Jakarta	Rehabilitation centre	Individual and group peer counselling	Methamphetamine, opioid
Kapeta Foundation	Banten	Rehabilitation centre	Individual and group peer counselling	Methamphetamine, benzodiazepine, synthetic cannabinoids
Kios Atma Jaya	Jakarta	Rehabilitation centre and regional HIV clinic	Individual psychotherapy, group peer counselling, outreach programme	Opioid
Puskesmas Jatinegara	Jakarta	Primary healthcare	Counselling, symptomatic pharmacotherapy, methadone maintenance therapy	Heroin
Puskesmas Gambir	Jakarta	Primary healthcare	Counselling, symptomatic pharmacotherapy, methadone maintenance therapy	Heroin

Counselling focuses on education and giving advice.

Symptomatic pharmacotherapy gives medication for helping patients with specific psychopathologies.

Psychotherapy aims to help a person identify and change their emotions, thoughts, and behaviour.