Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of stroke patients with or without MBE
| MBE (n = 26) | Non-MBE (n = 174) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean±SD | 72.92 ± 9.19 | 68.78 ± 14.89 | 0.17a |
| Male, n (%) | 12 (46.15 %) | 97 (55.75 %) | 0.36c |
| Onset to admission time (hours), median (IQR) | 3.00 (1.00–4.00) | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) | 0.93d |
| Onset to blood sample collection time (hours), median (IQR) | 3.00 (1.00-4.31) | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) | 0.94d |
| Medical history | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 16 (61.54 %) | 96 (55.17 %) | 0.54c |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 3 (11.54 %) | 40 (22.99 %) | 0.19c |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 3 (11.54 %) | 12 (6.90 %) | 0.40c |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 16 (61.54 %) | 70 (40.23 %) | 0.04c |
| Valvular heart diseases, n (%) | 4 (15.38 %) | 35 (20.11 %) | 0.57c |
| Prior ischemic stroke, n (%) | 4 (15.38 %) | 31 (17.82 %) | 0.76c |
| Prior intracerebral hemorrhage, n (%) | 1 (3.85 %) | 8 (4.60 %) | 1.00c |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 5 (19.23 %) | 42 (24.14 %) | 0.58c |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 2 (7.69 %) | 29 (16.67 %) | 0.24c |
| Admission body temperature, median (IQR) | 36.5 (36.5–36.6) | 36.5 (36.3–36.5) | 0.11b |
| Admission systolic BP, mean±SD | 151 ± 28 | 144 ± 24 | 0.15a |
| Admission diastolic BP, mean±SD | 84 ± 14 | 81 ± 13 | 0.30a |
| TOAST classification | 0.16c | ||
| Large-artery atherosclerosis, n (%) | 9 (34.62 %) | 44 (25.29 %) | |
| Small-artery occlusion, n (%) | 0 (0.00 %) | 22 (12.64 %) | |
| Cardioembolic, n (%) | 16 (61.54 %) | 87 (50.00 %) | |
| Other etiology, n (%) | 1 (3.85 %) | 8 (4.60 %) | |
| Undetermined etiology, n (%) | 0 (0.00 %) | 13 (7.47 %) | |
| NIHSS on admission, median (IQR) | 16 (15–19) | 9 (4–16) | < 0.001b |
| NIHSS ≥ 15, n (%) | 20 (76.92 %) | 60 (34.48 %) | < 0.001c |
| GCS on admission, median (IQR) | 13 (8–15) | 15 (11–15) | 0.02b |
| Disturbance of consciousness on admission | 12 (46.15 %) | 45 (25.86 %) | 0.03c |
| Intravenous thrombolysis, n (%) | 8 (30.77 %) | 57 (32.76 %) | 0.84c |
| Intra-arterial interventions, n (%) | 14 (53.85 %) | 53 (30.46 %) | 0.02c |
| Intra-arterial interventions with successful recanalization | 7/14 (50 %) | 44/53 (83.02 %) | 0.01c |
| Inflammatory biomarkers, median (IQR) | |||
| HIF-1α (pg/ml) | 122.50 (84.75-211.38) | 142.25 (91.25-238.25) | 0.17b |
| CTSB (pg/ml) | 3700.50 (3327.62-4620.38) | 3895.75 (3216.75-4666.75) | 0.36b |
| NLRP3 (ng/ml) | 1.85 (0.98–3.87) | 1.11 (0.94–2.44) | 0.03b |
| CASP1 (pg/ml) | 21.25 (8.84–45.29) | 19.15 (3.10-48.89) | 0.88b |
| MMP9 (ng/ml) | 32.27 (24.10-35.36) | 30.68 (22.85–35.94) | 0.95b |
| Clinical outcomes | |||
| Death in hospital or within 7 days of discharge | 14 (53.85 %) | 7 (4.02 %) | < 0.001d |
| Loss to follow-up at 3 months | 0 | 5 (2.87 %) | 0.38c |
| 3-month death | 22/26 (84.62 %) | 19/169 (11.24 %) | < 0.001c |
| 3-month mRS, median (IQR) | 6.00 (4.00–6.00) | 2.00 (0.00–6.00) | < 0.001b |
BP: blood pressure; CASP-1, Caspase-1; CTSB, cathepsin B; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; IQR, interquartile range; MBE, malignant brain edema; MMP9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3
a Student’s test, b Mann-Whitney Test, c Chi-squared test, d Fisher’s exact test. Data with non-normal distribution are presented in their original form with p values for non-parametric analysis of their Ln-transformed form