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. 2020 Sep 2;14(3):756–767. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa143

Table 1.

Possible early biomarkers and alterations in patients with DM

Possible early biomarker categories Examples
miRNA Upregulation of expression of certain miRNA:

  • miR-192; miR-200b; miR-200c; miR-216a; miR-217; miR-21; miR-377
Downregulation of expression of certain miRNA:

  • miR-29; Let-7 family members
lncRNA Upregulation of expression of certain lncRNA:

  • lncRNA Erbb4-IR; lncRNA Tug1 ; lncRNA RP23–298H6; lncRNA CJ241444
Downregulation of expression of certain lncRNA:

  • lncRNA Lin01619
Signaling pathways Over-activation of certain pathways:

  • TGF-β1 signaling pathway; NF-κB signaling pathway
DNA methylation/demethylation Hypomethylation at 3-UTR of TXNIP
Histone acetylation/deacetylation Upregulation of certain regulators:

  • H3k9ac
Enzymatic control Activation of certain enzymes:

  • Aldose reductase
Inhibition of certain enzymes:

  • eNOS; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MMP-2
Upregulated molecules Certain connective tissue regulators:

  • plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TGF-α; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; trombomodulin; tissue factor; MCP-1; vascular endothelial growth factor
Biochemical outcomes:

  • ROS; AGE; Polyols
Pro-inflammatory cytokines:

  • IL-1β; IL-6; IL-8; MCP-1; tumour necrosis factor-α
Downregulated molecules

  • NO

  • NADPH

  • CXCR4 on T cells

NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor Type 4; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; 3-UTR, three prime untranslated region.