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. 2021 Aug 26;13(8):1030–1048. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.1030

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Signaling pathways describing the process of polarization of the M2 phenotype. Damaged neurons induced by ischemic stroke activate resting microglia by producing damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. M1 phenotype microglia participate in the proinflammatory tissue response, whereas M2 microglia produce antiinflammatory substances. DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; CREB: c-AMP response element binding protein; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; YM1: Chitinase-3 Like protein; CD: Cluster of differentiation; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; Arg-1: Arginase-1; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; TLR: Toll-like receptor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; FIZZI: Found in inflammatory zone 1; TGF: Transforming growth factors; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase.