Table 1.

Therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in preclinical disease models associated with cerebral ischemia

Ref.	Country	Species	Ischemia model	Cell source	Key outcomes
Geng et al[84], 2019	China	Rats	MCAO	Adipose	Improve tissue recovery, neurogenesis, angiogenesis; Reduce Inflammation
Xin et al[93], 2013	America	Rats	MCAO	Adipose	Improve brain recovery, angiogenesis; Reduce infarct volume, inflammation
Chen et al[82], 2016	Taiwan	Rats	MCAO	BM	Improve tissue recovery, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity
Tian et al[91], 2018	China	Mice	MCAO	BM	Inhibit inflammatory response and apoptosis
Xin et al[92], 2017	America	Rats	MCAO	BM	Improve tissue recovery, neurogenesis, neuronal and neurite plasticity
Jiang et al[85], 2018	China	Rats	MCAO	Adipose	Reduce infarct volume and inflammation
Yang et al[94], 2018	China	Mice	Photothrombosis	BM	Promote angiogenesis
Zhang et al[95], 2019	China	Mice	MCAO	BM	Promote angiogenesis
Liu et al[87], 2019	China	Rat	MCAO	BM	Improved brain neuron density and neurological score
Deng et al[83], 2019	China	Mice	MCAO	BM	Reduce infarct volume and inflammation
Nalamolu et al[88], 2019	America	Rats	MCAO	UC	Improve brain recovery; Reduce infarct volume
Nalamolu et al[89], 2019	America	Rats	MCAO	UC	Improve brain recovery; Reduce infarct volume
Li et al[86], 2020	China	Mice	MCAO	UC	Reduce infarct volume; Inhibit inflammatory response and apoptosis
Zhao et al[20], 2020	China	Rats	MCAO	BM	Reduce infarct volume and inflammation; Improve neurological deficits
Zhao et al[21], 2020	China	Rats	MCAO	BM	Improve motor, learning and memory abilities; Reduce inflammation
Safakheil and Safakheil[90], 2020	Iran	Rats	MCAO	BM	Improve functional recovery; Reduce infarct volume and inflammation
Otero-Ortega et al[100], 2020	Spain	Rats	Endothelin-1	Adipose	Improve functional recovery and cells proliferation, Reduce infarct volume
Otero-Ortega et al[103], 2017	Spain	Rats	Endothelin-1	Adipose	Improve functional recovery and neurogenesis, Reduce infarct volume
Moon et al[101], 2019	South Korea	Rats	MCAO	Cord blood	Promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis
Doeppner et al[80], 2015	Germany	Mice	MCAO	BM	Improve tissue recovery, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis
Dabrowska et al[99], 2019	Poland	Rats	Ouabain	BM	Reduce inflammation
Haupt et al[98], 2021	Germany	Mice	MCAO	BM	Increased neurological recovery and neurogenesis
Xia et al[97], 2020	China	Rats	MCAO	BM	Reduce infarct volume neurological deficits, Enhance angiogenesis
Wang et al[102], 2020	Germany	Mice	Stroke	BM	Immunosuppression and neuroprotection
Kuang et al[96], 2020	Germany	Mice	MCAO	Adipose	Reduced neuronal death and infarct size, Increased neurological recovery

BM: Bone Marrow; UC: Umbilical cord; MCAO: Middle cerebral artery occlusion; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells.