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. 2021 Aug 26;13(8):1049–1057. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.1049

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Antler regeneration cycle[11]. In spring, bony antlers drop off from their pedicle (permanent bony protuberance). Velvet antler regenerates immediately. In late spring and early summer, rapid antler growth occurs and antlers are covered with velvet skin in their growing phase. In autumn, antlers become completely calcified and the skin covering them starts to shed. In winter, dead bony antlers are attached to their living pedicles and eventually cast in spring next year, triggering a new round of antler regeneration. Citation: Li C, Chu W. The regenerating antler blastema: the derivative of stem cells resident in a pedicle stump. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21: 455-467. Copyright © Frontiers in Bioscience. Published by Frontiers in Bioscience.