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. 2021 Aug 26;13(8):1049–1057. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.1049

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Schematic diagram of locations of antler stem cells. A: Schematic diagram to show the three axes of the antler development: A ↔ P: Anterior-posterior axis; D ↔ V: Dorso-ventral axis; M ↔ L: Medio-lateral axis; B: The antlerogenic periosteum is present in the embryo and after birth as a localized thickening of the periosteum of the frontal bone; C: Regeneration of an antler initiated from the cells residing in the pedicle periosteum; D: Endochondral bone growth occurs at the distal tip, and cells in the reserve mesenchyme are responsible for rapid antler growth. Star in insert figure: Location of antler stem cells.