Table 3.
Logistic Regression Analysis Demonstrating the Association Between Innate Immune Responses and Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS) Among Volunteers With Hyperacute HIV-1 Infection From Africa and Sweden (N = 55)
| Particulars | ARS, n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innate immune responses | Weaker responses | 6/19 (32) | Ref | .007 | Ref | .003 |
| Stronger responses | 25/36 (69) | 4.9 (1.5 – 16.3) | 7.1 (1.7–28.8) | |||
| Fiebig staging | Fiebig I | 5/13 (38) | Ref | .137 | … | … |
| Fiebig II | 26/42 (62) | 2.6 (.7 – 9.3) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 28/51 (55) | Ref | .422 | … | … |
| Female | 3/4 (75) | 2.5 (.2 – 25.3) | ||||
| Age group (y) | 18.0 – 24.9 | 13/17 (76) | 3.6 (1.0 – 13.1) | .040 | 2.4 (.5–12.1) | .264 |
| 25.0 + | 18/38 (47) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Year of infection | <2009 | 11/19 (58) | Ref | .712 | … | … |
| 2009 – 2010 | 15/25 (60) | 1.1 (.3 – 3.7) | ||||
| 2011+ | 5/11 (45) | .6 (.1 – 2.7) | ||||
| HIV-1 env subtype | Non-A1a | 9/22 (41) | Ref | .059 | Ref | .176 |
| A1 | 22/33 (67) | 2.9 (1.0 – 8.8) | 2.5 (.6 – 9.3) | |||
| Ethnicity | Non-Africanb | 7/13 (54) | Ref | .834 | … | … |
| African | 24/42 (57) | 1.1 (.3 – 4.0) | ||||
| Risk group | Non-MSMc | 8/21 (38) | Ref | .031 | Ref | .084 |
| MSM | 23/34 (68) | 3.4 (1.1 – 10.6) | 3.3 (.8–12.8) | |||
| Country | Sweden | 7/13 (54) | Ref | .834 | … | … |
| Africand | 24/42 (57) | 1.1 (.3–3.9) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference.
aHIV-1 env subtypes B (n = 8), C (n = 8), D (n = 3), BG (n = 1), A2D (n = 1), and AE (n = 1).
bCaucasian (n = 12), Asian/Arabian (n = 1).
cDiscordant couples (n = 14), heterosexual (n = 4), and unknown (n = 3).
dRwanda (n = 4), Uganda (n = 5), Zambia (n = 4), and Kenya (n = 29).