Table 1.

Summary of recent demonstrated plasmonic platforms with specifications.

Platform		Source/detector	Target	Parameter	Sample volume	LOD	Multiplex	Remarks	Ref
Surface plasmon resonance	Conventional SPR	Commercial system	Exosome	SPR response unit	-	10 - 100 pM	N	Au nanoparticle/exosome clustering	23
					20 μL	-	Y		24
		Solid state laser/photodetector		Intensity	50 μL	2 × 1010 exosomes/mL	N	Compact SPR system	25
		White light/spectrometer		Spectrum	-	2.07 × 106 exosomes/mL	N		26
	Au nanoparticle amplification	Commercial system		Angle	-	5 × 103 exosomes/mL	N	Low concentration EV detection Complex operation steps	27
				Angle	-	5.6 × 105 exosomes/mL	N	Complex operation steps	28
Surface plasmon resonance imaging	SPR imaging	Commercial system	Exosome	SPR response unit	500 μL	1 μg/mL	Y	Sandwich assay	29
	SPR imaging	650-nm LED/ CCD camera	Exosome	SPR response unit	130 μL	2.4 × 107 exosomes/mL	Y	Amplification with antibody functionalized Au nanoparticles	30
	SPR microscopy	Solid state laser/CMOS camera	EV	Image	10 μL	1 exosome	N	Size distribution, concentration, affinity constant measurements	31
Nanoplasmonics	Periodic nanoholes	Laser diode/imaging sensor	Exosome	Intensity	0.3 μL	3,000 exosomes	Y	Rapid (<30 min) High throughput (33 × 33 array)	32
		White light/spectrometer	Exosome lysates	Spectrum	0.5 μL	104 exosomes	Y	High throughput (10 × 10 array)	33
			Exosome	Spectrum	-	200 exosomes	Y		34
	3D photonics crystal	White light/spectrometer	Exosome	Spectrum	10 μL	100 exosomes	N	Complex fabrication processes	35
	Nanoislands		EV	Phase	100 μL	0.194 μg/mL	N	Complex microscopy system	36
	Nanoellipsoids		Exosome	Spectrum	50 μL	1 ng/mL	N		37
	Nanoshells	Pulsed laser/proteomics analyzer	Exosome	Mass spectrum	0.5 μL	-	N	Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry	38
	Nanopillars	White light/ CCD spectrophotometer	Exosome	Intensity	-	1 exosome	Y	High throughput (16 array, 400 nanopillars each)	39
	Interferometer	LED/ CCD	Exosome	Intensity	-	3.86 × 108 exosomes/mL	N		40
	Nanoprobes	Dark field/ digital camera	EV	Scattering intensity	1 μL	0.2 μg/mL	N		41
	Nanoprisms	White light/spectrometer	Exosomal microRNA	Spectrum	100 μL	1 aM	N		42
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (Substrate)	Au nanoparticles	Raman laser/spectrometer	Exosome	Raman spectrum	5 μL	-	N	Study on Raman peaks	43
	Ag nanocubes on Au nanorods				5 μL	-	N		44
	Ag coated CD/DVD				5 μL	-	N		45
	Ag nanobowls				20 μL	-	N		46
	Beehive macroporous				50 μL	-	N		47
	Au nanopillars		Exosomal microRNA		200 μL	1 aM	N		48
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (Probe with Raman reporter)	Au nanoparticles	Raman laser/spectrometer	Exosome	Raman intensity	2 μL	3.2 × 104 exosomes/mL	Y	Magnetic beads as capture beads	49
	Ag coated Au nanoparticles				4 μL	1,000 exosomes/mL	N		50
	Au nanotrepangs				2 μL	2.6 × 104 exosomes/mL	Y		51
	Au nanoparticles				2 μL	500 exosomes/mL	N	Functionalized PDA substrate	52
	Au nanostars				200 μL	2.7 × 104 exosomes/mL	N		53
	Au nanoparticles	Raman laser/spectrometer and EMCCD	EV		100 μL	105 exosomes/mL	Y	Nanoscopic flow with alternating potential difference	54
	Ag coated Au nanoparticles	Raman laser/spectrometer	Exosomal microRNA		-	1 aM	N	Magnetic beads as capture beads	55
Plasmonic enhanced fluorescence detection	Diffraction grating	He-Ne laser/photodetector	EV	Fluorescence intensity	50 μL	3 × 10−4 RIU	N		56
	Periodic nanoholes	Fluorescence microscope	Exosome		30 μL	Single exosome	Y	Molecular profiling based on single EV fluorescence image	57