Table 4.
Personal predictors of mental health outcomes (multivariable univariate analysis)
| Predictor | Anxiety (GAD-7) | Depression (PHQ-9) | PTSD (IES-6) | Burnout DP | Burnout EE | Burnout PA | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Female | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.38) | 0.031 | 1.31 (1.12 to 1.55) | 0.001 | 1.40 (1.22 to 1.60) | 0.001 | 0.63 (0.54 to 0.72) | 0.001 | 1.23 (1.07 to 1.41) | 0.003 | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.16) | 0.770 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 20–30 | 1.93 (1.64 to 2.27) | 0.001 | 1.55 (1.31 to 1.84) | 0.001 | 1.72 (1.48 to 1.99) | 0.001 | 2.72 (2.12 to 3.48) | 0.001 | 2.29 (1.94 to 2.70) | 0.001 | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.95) | 0.012 |
| 31–40 | 1.31 (1.11 to 1.53) | 0.001 | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.32) | 0.163 | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.37) | 0.010 | 1.69 (1.37 to 2.08) | 0.001 | 1.39 (1.21 to 1.61) | 0.001 | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.87) | 0.001 |
| 41–50 | 1.21 (1.02 to 1.43) | 0.028 | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.46) | 0.019 | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.19) | 0.680 | 1.36 (1.14 to 1.61) | 0.001 | 1.32 (1.14 to 1.53) | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.05) | 0.183 |
| Previous mental health condition | 1.96 (1.74 to 2.20) | 0.001 | 2.23 (1.98 to 2.50) | 0.001 | 1.75 (1.57 to 1.95) | 0.001 | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.24) | 0.098 | 1.73 (1.53 to 1.96) | 0.001 | 1.26 (1.13 to 1.41) | 0.001 |
| Experiencing family or friends infected with COVID-19 | 1.30 (1.15 to 1.46) | 0.001 | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.18) | 0.450 | 1.41 (1.26 to 1.57) | 0.001 | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.20) | 0.200 | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | 0.370 | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.23) | 0.095 |
| Experiencing worse relationships during the pandemic | ||||||||||||
| With partner | 1.97 (1.96 to 2.29) | 0.001 | 1.96 (1.45 to 1.98) | 0.001 | 1.50 (1.29 to 1.74) | 0.001 | 1.37 (1.16 to 1.60) | 0.001 | 1.57 (1.31 to 1.89) | 0.001 | N/A | - |
| With family | 1.74 (1.51 to 2.00) | 0.001 | 1.56 (1.35 to 1.80) | 0.001 | 1.58 (1.38 to 1.81) | 0.001 | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.49) | 0.001 | 1.52 (1.29 to 1.80) | 0.001 | N/A | - |
| With friends | 1.38 (1.22 to 1.57) | 0.001 | 1.32 (1.16 to 1.51) | 0.001 | 1.51 (1.35 to 1.70) | 0.001 | 1.36 (1.20 to 1.54) | 0.001 | 1.74 (1.52 to 2.00) | 0.001 | N/A | - |
| With colleagues | 1.77 (1.52 to 2.06) | 0.001 | 1.45 (1.24 to 1.70) | 0.001 | 1.50 (1.30 to 1.73) | 0.001 | N/A | - | N/A | - | N/A | - |
| Concerns about income | 1.96 (1.50 to 1.89) | 0.001 | 1.29 (1.14 to 1.45) | 0.001 | 1.56 (1.41 to 1.74) | 0.001 | N/A | - | N/A | - | N/A | - |
| Resilience | 0.62 (0.57 to 0.67) | 0.001 | 0.76 (0.70 to 0.83) | 0.001 | 0.76 (0.70 to 0.82) | 0.001 | 0.74 (0.68 to 0.80) | 0.001 | 0.63 (0.55 to 0.65) | 0.001 | 1.82 (1.68 to 1.97) | 0.001 |
N/A=variable not included for that mental scale in the model because no relationship was observed in the univariate model.
Reference categories for each variable were as follows: gender=male; age=older than 50 years; pre-existing mental health conditions=negative response; experiencing family or friends infected with COVID-19=negative response; experiencing altered relationships with partner/family/friends/colleagues=no change; concerns about income=negative response.
Lower OR for personal accomplishment indicates poorer outcomes.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease; DP, depersonalisation; EE, emotional exhaustion; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7; IES-6, Impact of Events Scale-6; PA, personal accomplishment; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.